Table 5.
Comparison of presented results of OH-PAHs in the urine with other studies
| Country | Population group | Year of sampling | Number of samples | Unit | 1-OH-NAP | 2-OH-NAP | 2-OH-FL | 2-OH-PHE | 3-OH-PHE | 4-OH-PHE | 1-OH-PHE | 9-OH-PHE | 1-OH-PY | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | Traffic police officers | 1993–1994 | 89 | Geometric mean (µmol/mol creatinine; µg/g creatinine*) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
0.14 (0.27) |
Merlo et al. 1998 |
| Control subjects (office workers) | 43 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
0.09 (0.17) |
||||
| Thailand | Taxi drivers | n.s | 10 |
Geometric mean (µg/g creatinine) |
8.42 | 2.91 | 0.55 | 0.26 | 0.33 | 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.52 | Toriba and Hayakawa 2007 | |
| Traffic police officers | n.s | 10 | 5.95 | 3.49 | 0.60 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.05 | 0.22 | 0.35 | ||||
| USA |
Airforce smokers (pre-shift) |
2008 | 20 | Geometric mean (µg/g creatinine) | 3.45 | 4.63 | 0.44 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.02 | n.a | 0.12 | 0.09 | Rodrigues et al. 2014 |
|
Airforce smokers (post-shift) |
20 | 6.01 | 6.38 | 0.682 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.02 | n.a | 0.12 | 0.07 | ||||
|
Airforce non-smokers (pre-shift) |
18 | 1.33 | 2.84 | 0.25 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.02 | n.a | 0.10 | 0.07 | ||||
|
Airforce non-smokers (post-shift) |
18 | 2.50 | 3.56 | 0.41 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.029 | n.a | 0.11 | 0.06 | ||||
| USA |
Firefighters (pre-shift) |
2008–2009 | 14 |
Geometric mean (µg/g creatinine) |
2.09 | 4.04 | 0.5 | 0.25 | 0.12 | n.a | 0.2 | 0.03 | 0.31 | Adetona et al. 2017 |
|
Firefighters (post-shift) |
14 | 8.82 | 12.07 | 1.49 | 0.56 | 0.35 | n.a | 0.71 | 0.12 | 0.58 | ||||
| Pakistan | Traffic police officers | 2014 | 45 | Geometric mean (µmol/mol creatinine µg/g creatinine*) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
0.98 (1.89) |
Kamal et al. 2016 |
| Driver workers | 50 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
0.89 (1.72) |
||||
| Control subjects | 34 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
0.7 (1.35) |
||||
| Czech Republic | Women | 2013–2014 | 265 |
Median (ng/mL urine; µg/g creatinine) |
0.66 (0.54) | 5.95 (5.36) | 0.44 (0.37) | 0.46 (0.42) | 0.21 (0.20) | 0.22 (0.18) | 0.09 (0.09) | 0.11 (0.11) | 0.22 (0.21) | Urbancova et al. 2017 |
| Czech Republic | Women | 2016–2017 | 330 |
Median (ng/mL urine; µg/g creatinine) |
0.36 (0.41) | 4.62 (5.15) | 0.23 (0.23) | 0.24 (0.26) | 0.15 (0.17) | 0.40 (0.45) | 0.06 (0.06) | 0.15 (0.12) | 0.11 (0.12) | Urbancova et al. 2020 |
| Czech Republic | Police officers | 2019 | 259 |
Median (ng/mL urine; µg/g creatinine) |
0.61 (0.41) | 4.87 (3.41) | 0.44 (0.34) | 0.12 (0.09) | 0.14 (0.10) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.27 (0.20) | 0.10 (0.07) | 0.12 (0.08) | Presented study |
n.s. not specified
*µg/g creatinine calculated from µmol/mol creatinine with molar mass for 1-OH-PY 218.25 g/mol and creatinine 113.2 g/mol. Abbreviations of analytes: naphthalene-1-ol (1-OH-NAP), naphthalene-2-ol (2-OH-NAP), fluorene-2-ol (2-OH-FL), phenanthrene-1-ol (1-OH-PHE), phenanthrene-2-ol (2-OH-PHE), phenanthrene-3-ol (3-OH-PHE), phenanthrene-4-ol (4-OH-PHE), phenanthrene-9-ol (9-OH-PHE), pyrene-1-ol (1-OH-PY), benzo[a]pyrene-3-ol (3-OH-BaP), chrysene-6-ol (6-OH-CHRY)