Skip to main content
. 2024 Sep 20;37(2):267–303. doi: 10.1007/s10730-024-09538-1
Number Citation
1 Adashi, E.Y., M.M. Burgess, S. Burall, I.G. Cohen, L.M. Fleck, J. Harris, S. Holm, et al. 2020. “Heritable Human Genome Editing: The Public Engagement Imperative.” CRISPR J. 3 (6): 434–39. 10.1089/crispr.2020.0049.
2 Adashi, E.Y., and I.G. Cohen. 2022. “CRISPR Immunity: A Case Study for Justified Somatic Genetic Modification?” J Med Ethics 48 (2): 83–85. 10.1136/medethics-2020-106838.
3 Adashi, E.Y., and I. Glenn Cohen. 2020. “Heritable Human Genome Editing the International Commission Report.” JAMA 324 (19): 1941–42. 10.1001/jama.2020.19059.
4 Al-Balas, Q.A.E., R. Dajani, and W.K. Al-Delaimy. 2020. “The Ethics of Gene Editing from an Islamic Perspective: A Focus on the Recent Gene Editing of the Chinese Twins.” Sci Eng Ethics 26 (3): 1851–60. 10.1007/s11948-020-00205-5.
5 Alexiou, A., P. Simou, F. Alexiou, S. Chatzichronis, and G.M. Ashraf. 2020. “Social and Ethical Impact of Advanced Artificial and Biological Enhancements.” Open Public Health J. 13 (1): 62–68. 10.2174/1874944502013010062.
6 Anegon, I., and T.H. Nguyen. 2016. “‘My Life Needs Editing’ (Mort Sahl) and Genome Editing Needs Ethics.” Curr. Gene Ther. 16 (1): 1–2. 10.2174/1566523216999160128110659.
7 Angrist, M., R. Barrangou, F. Baylis, C. Brokowski, G. Burgio, A. Caplan, C.R. Chapman, et al. 2020. “Reactions to the National Academies/Royal Society Report on Heritable Human Genome Editing.” CRISPR J. 3 (5): 332–49. 10.1089/crispr.2020.29106.man.
8 Annas, G.J. 2020. “Genome Editing 2020: Ethics and Human Rights in Germline Editing in Humans and Gene Drives in Mosquitoes.” Am J Law Med 46 (2–3): 143–65. 10.1177/0098858820933492.
9 Anton, R. 2016. “On Recent Advances in Human Engineering Provocative Trends in Embryology, Genetics, and Regenerative Medicine.” Politics Life Sci 35 (2): 54–68. 10.1017/pls.2016.17.
10 Araki, M., and T. Ishii. 2014. “International Regulatory Landscape and Integration of Corrective Genome Editing into in Vitro Fertilization.” Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 12 (1). 10.1186/1477-7827-12-108.
11 Araki, M., and T. Ishii. 2016. “Providing Appropriate Risk Information on Genome Editing for Patients.” Trends Biotechnol. 34 (2): 86–90. 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.12.002.
12 Araujo, M. de. 2020. “The Ethics of Genetic Cognitive Enhancement: Gene Editing or Embryo Selection?” Philosophies 5 (3): 20. 10.3390/philosophies5030020.
13 Arguedas-Ramírez, G. 2020. “Ethics and Global Governance of Human Germline Genome Editing: The Problem of Techno-Scientific Colonialist Paternalism.” CRISPR J. 3 (2): 83–88. 10.1089/crispr.2019.0045.
14 Armsby, A.J., Y. Bombard, N.A. Garrison, B.L. Halpern-Felsher, and K.E. Ormond. 2019. “Attitudes of Members of Genetics Professional Societies Toward Human Gene Editing.” CRISPR J. 2 (5): 331–39. 10.1089/crispr.2019.0020.
15 Baik, Elizabeth S., Abraham Koshy, and Bruce W. Hardy. 2022. “Communicating CRISPR: Challenges and Opportunities in Engaging the Public.” Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 188 (1): 171–93. 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.11.004.
16 Baxter, J. 2021. “When Is It Safe to Edit the Human Germline?” Sci Eng Ethics 27 (4): 43. 10.1007/s11948-021-00320-x.
17 Baylis, F. 2019. “Questioning the Proposed Translational Pathway for Germline Genome Editing.” Nat Hum Behav 3 (3): 200. 10.1038/s41562-019-0544-3.
18 Baylis, F., and L. Ikemoto. 2017. “The Council of Europe and the Prohibition on Human Germline Genome Editing.” EMBO Rep. 18 (12): 2084–85. 10.15252/embr.201745343.
19 Benston, 2017. “Everything in Moderation, Even Hype: Learning from Vaccine Controversies to Strike a Balance with CRISPR.” J Med Ethics 43 (12): 819–23. 10.1136/medethics-2016-103666.
20 Benston, S. 2022. “Walking a Fine Germline: Synthesizing Public Opinion and Legal Precedent to Develop Policy Recommendations for Heritable Gene-Editing.” J Bioeth Inq 19 (3): 421–31. 10.1007/s11673-022-10186-8.
21 Blasimme, A. 2019. “Why Include the Public in Genome Editing Governance Deliberation?” AMA J Ethics 21 (12): E1065–70. 10.1001/amajethics.2019.1065.
22 Bosley, K.S., M. Botchan, A. L. Bredenoord, D. Carroll, R. Alta Charo, E. Charpentier, R. Cohen, et al. 2015. “CRISPR Germline Engineering–the Community Speaks.” Nat Biotechnol 33 (5): 478–86. 10.1038/nbt.3227.
24 Braun, Matthias, and Peter Dabrock. 2018. “Mind the Gaps! Towards an Ethical Framework for Genome Editing.” EMBO Rep 19 (2): 197–200. 10.15252/embr.201745542.
25 Brokowski, C. 2018. “Do CRISPR Germline Ethics Statements Cut It?” CRISPR J. 1 (2): 115–25. 10.1089/crispr.2017.0024.
26 Brokowski, C., and M. Adli. 2019. “CRISPR Ethics: Moral Considerations for Applications of a Powerful Tool.” J. Mol. Biol. 431 (1): 88–101. 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.05.044.
26 Brokowski, C., and M. Adli. 2020. “Ethical Considerations in Therapeutic Clinical Trials Involving Novel Human Germline-Editing Technology.” CRISPR J. 3 (1): 18–26. 10.1089/crispr.2019.0051.
27 Brokowski, C., M. Pollack, and R. Pollack. 2015. “Cutting Eugenics out of CRISPR-Cas9.” Ethics Biol. Eng. Med. 6 (3–4): 263–79. 10.1615/EthicsBiologyEngMed.2016016260.
28 Brothers, K.B., M. Devereaux, and R.M. Sade. 2019. “Bespoke Babies: Genome Editing in Cystic Fibrosis Embryos.” Ann. Thorac. Surg. 108 (4): 995–99. 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2019.04.030.
29 Bu, Q. 2019. “Reassess the Law and Ethics of Heritable Genome Editing Interventions: Lessons for China and the World.” Issues Law Med 34 (2): 115–46.
30 Camporesi, S., and G. Cavaliere. 2016. “Emerging Ethical Perspectives in the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats Genome-Editing Debate.” Personalized Med. 13 (6): 575–86. 10.2217/pme-2016-0047.
31 Caplan, A. 2019. “Getting Serious about the Challenge of Regulating Germline Gene Therapy.” PLoS Biol 17 (4): e3000223. 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000223.
32 Capps, B., R. Chadwick, Y. Joly, J.J. Mulvihill, T. Lysaght, and H. Zwart. 2017. “Falling Giants and the Rise of Gene Editing: Ethics, Private Interests and the Public Good Ruth Chadwick.” Hum. Genomics 11 (1). 10.1186/s40246-017-0116-4.
33 Carroll, D., and R.A. Charo. 2015. “The Societal Opportunities and Challenges of Genome Editing.” Genome Biol. 16 (1). 10.1186/s13059-015-0812-0.
34 Chneiweiss, H. 2018. “The Tsunami Named CRISPR/Cas9.” Rev Neurol (Paris) 174 (7–8): 487–88. 10.1016/j.neurol.2018.04.006.
35 Chneiweiss, H., F. Hirsch, L. Montoliu, A.M. Müller, S. Fenet, M. Abecassis, J. Merchant, et al. 2017. “Fostering Responsible Research with Genome Editing Technologies: A European Perspective.” Transgenic Res. 26 (5): 709–13. 10.1007/s11248-017-0028-z.
36 Cohen, I. Glenn, Jacob S. Sherkow, and Eli Y. Adashi. 2022. “Handle with Care: The WHO Report on Human Genome Editing.” Hastings Cent Rep 52 (2): 10–14. 10.1002/hast.1350.
37 Cohen, J. 2019. “Crossing the Line.” Sci. 366 (6465): 562–65. 10.1126/science.366.6465.562.
38 Coller, B.S. 2019. “Ethics of Human Genome Editing.” Annu. Rev. Med. 70 ((Coller B.S., collerb@rockefeller.edu) Allen and Frances Adler Laboratory of Blood and Vascular Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States): 289–305. 10.1146/annurev-med-112717-094629.
39 Cribbs, A.P., and S.M.W. Perera. 2017. “Science and Bioethics of CRISPR-CAS9 Gene Editing: An Analysis towards Separating Facts and Fiction.” Yale J. Biol. Med. 90 (4): 625–34.
40 Cwik, B. 2017. “Designing Ethical Trials of Germline Gene Editing.” N Engl J Med 377 (20): 1911–13. 10.1056/NEJMp1711000.
41 Cwik, B. 2020. “Responsible Translational Pathways for Germline Gene Editing?” Curr. Stem. Cell Rep. 6 (4): 126–33. 10.1007/s40778-020-00179-x.
42 Darnovsky, M., and K. Hasson. 2020. “CRISPR’s Twisted Tales: Clarifying Misconceptions about Heritable Genome Editing.” Perspect Biol Med 63 (1): 155–76. 10.1353/pbm.2020.0012.
43 Davies, K., and B.M. Knoppers. 2019. “From Poetry to Policy: An Interview with Bartha Maria Knoppers.” CRISPR J. 2 (5): 249–52. 10.1089/crispr.2019.29071.bkn.
44 Davies, K. 2019. “Walk the Line: Debating a Germline Editing Moratorium.” CRISPR J 2: 74–76. 10.1089/crispr.2019.29052.kda.
45 Davies, K., and K.E. Davies. 2020. “Highway to HHGE: An Interview with Dame Kay E. Davies.” CRISPR J 3 (5): 325–31. 10.1089/crispr.2020.29104.kda.
46 Dayan, F. 2019. “CRISPR Cas-9 Genome Editing and Islam: A Religious Perspective.” Bangladesh J. Med. Sci. 18 (1): 7–13. 10.3329/bjms.v18i1.39540.
47 Dayan, F. 2020. “Ethico-Legal Aspects of Crispr Cas-9 Genome Editing: A Balanced Approach.” Bangladesh J. Med. Sci. 19 (1): 11–16. 10.3329/bjms.v19i1.43869.
48 De Melo-MartíN, I., 2022. “Reproductive Embryo Editing: Attending to Justice.” Hastings Cent Rep 52 (4): 26–33. 10.1002/hast.1406.
49 De Miguel Beriain, I. 2017. “Legal Issues Regarding Gene Editing at the Beginning of Life: An EU Perspective.” Regen. Med. 12 (6): 669–79. 10.2217/rme-2017-0033.
50 De Wert, G., B. Heindryckx, G. Pennings, A. Clarke, U. Eichenlaub-Ritter, C.G. Van El, F. Forzano, et al. 2018. “Responsible Innovation in Human Germline Gene Editing: Background Document to the Recommendations of ESHG and ESHRE.” Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 26 (4): 450–70. 10.1038/s41431-017-0077-z.
51 Dickenson, D., and M. Darnovsky. 2019. “Did a Permissive Scientific Culture Encourage the ‘CRISPR Babies’ Experiment?” Nat. Biotechnol. 37 (4): 355–57. 10.1038/s41587-019-0077-3.
52 DiEuliis, D., and J. Giordano. 2018. “Gene Editing Using CRISPR/Cas9: Implications for Dual-Use and Biosecurity.” Protein Cell 9 (3): 239–40. 10.1007/s13238-017-0493-4.
53 Dijke, I. van, L. Bosch, A.L. Bredenoord, M. Cornel, S. Repping, and S. Hendriks. 2018. “The Ethics of Clinical Applications of Germline Genome Modification: A Systematic Review of Reasons.” Hum Reprod 33 (9): 1777–96. 10.1093/humrep/dey257.
54 Doudna, J. 2015. “Perspective: Embryo Editing Needs Scrutiny.” Nature 528 (7580): S6. 10.1038/528S6a.
55 Doudna, J.A. 2020. “The Promise and Challenge of Therapeutic Genome Editing.” Nature 578 (7794): 229–36. 10.1038/s41586-020-1978-5.
56 Douglas, T., and K. Devolder. 2022. “Gene Editing, Identity and Benefit.” Philos. Q. 72 (2): 305–25. 10.1093/pq/pqab029.
57 Doxzen, K., and J. Halpern. 2020. “Focusing on Human Rights: A Framework for CRISPR Germline Genome Editing Ethics and Regulation.” Perspect Biol Med 63 (1): 44–53. 10.1353/pbm.2020.0003.
58 Eissenberg, J.C. 2021. “In Our Image: The Ethics of CRISPR Genome Editing.” Biomol Concepts 12 (1): 1–7. 10.1515/bmc-2021-0001.
59 Evans, J.H. 2021. “Setting Ethical Limits on Human Gene Editing after the Fall of the Somatic/Germline Barrier.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 118 (22). 10.1073/pnas.2004837117.
60 Evans, N.G., and J.D. Moreno. 2015. “Children of Capital: Eugenics in the World of Private Biotechnology.” Ethics Biol. Eng. Med. 6 (3–4): 285–97. 10.1615/EthicsBiologyEngMed.2016016594.
61 Evitt, N.H., S. Mascharak, and R.B. Altman. 2015. “Human Germline CRISPR-Cas Modification: Toward a Regulatory Framework.” Am J Bioeth 15 (12): 25–29. 10.1080/15265161.2015.1104160.
62 Feeney, O. 2019. “Editing the Gene Editing Debate: Reassessing the Normative Discussions on Emerging Genetic Technologies.” NanoEthics 13 (3): 233–43. 10.1007/s11569-019-00352-5.
63 Filip, L. 2021. “Genetic Enhancement, TED Talks and the Sense of Wonder.” Med Humanit, 47(2): 210–218. 10.1136/medhum-2020-012051.
64 Flescher, A. 2022. “The Virtue of Mortality.” J. Relig. Ethics 50: 361–385. 10.1111/jore.12403.
65 Fogleman, S., C. Santana, C. Bishop, A. Miller, and D.G. Capco. 2016. “CRISPR/CAS9 and Mitochondrial Gene Replacement Therapy: Promising Techniques and Ethical Considerations.” Am. J. Stem Cells 5 (2): 39–52. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5043096/
66 Friedmann, T. 2016. “An ASGCT Perspective on the National Academies Genome Editing Summit.” Mol. Ther. 24 (1): 1–2. 10.1038/mt.2015.228.
67 Gabel, I., and J. Moreno. 2019. “Genome Editing, Ethics, and Politics.” AMA J Ethics 21 (12): E1105–10. 10.1001/amajethics.2019.1105.
68 Garland-Thomson, R. 2020. “How We Got to CRISPR: The Dilemma of Being Human.” Perspect Biol Med 63 (1): 28–43. 10.1353/pbm.2020.0002.
69 Germani, F., S. Wäscher, and N. Biller-Andorno. 2021. “A CRISPR Response to Pandemics?: Exploring the Ethics of Genetically Engineering the Human Immune System.” EMBO Rep. 22 (3). 10.15252/embr.202052319.
70 “Germline Gene-Editing Research Needs Rules.” 2019. Nature 567 (7747): 145. 10.1038/d41586-019-00788-5.
71 Getz, L.J., and G. Dellaire. 2020. “Back to Basics: Application of the Principles of Bioethics to Heritable Genome Interventions.” Sci Eng Ethics 26 (5): 2735–48. 10.1007/s11948-020-00226-0.
72 Glannon, W. 2020. “Altered Inheritance: CRISPR and the Ethics of Human Genome Editing.” Bioethics 34 (5): 555–56. 10.1111/bioe.12729.
73 Gómez-Tatay, L., J.M. Hernández-Andreu, and J. Aznar. 2017. “Mitochondrial Modification Techniques and Ethical Issues.” J. Clin. Med. 6 (3). 10.3390/jcm6030025.
74 Gostimskaya, I. 2022. “CRISPR-Cas9: A History of Its Discovery and Ethical Considerations of Its Use in Genome Editing.” Biochemistry (Mosc) 87 (8): 777–88. 10.1134/S0006297922080090.
75 Grant, E.V. 2016. “FDA Regulation of Clinical Applications of CRISPR-CAS Gene-Editing Technology.” Food Drug Law J 71 (4): 608–33.
76 Greely, H.T. 2019. “CRISPR’d Babies: Human Germline Genome Editing in the ‘He Jiankui Affair.’” J. Law Biosci. 6 (1): 111–83. 10.1093/jlb/lsz010.
77 Greely, H.T. 2019. “Human Germline Genome Editing: An Assessment.” CRISPR J. 2 (5): 253–65. 10.1089/crispr.2019.0038.
78 Greenfield, A. 2018. “Carry on Editing.” Br. Med. Bull. 127 (1): 23–31. 10.1093/bmb/ldy020.
79 Greenfield, A. 2021. “Making Sense of Heritable Human Genome Editing: Scientific and Ethical Considerations.” Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci. 182: 1–28. 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.12.008.
80 Gross, M. 2015. “Bacterial Scissors to Edit Human Embryos?” Curr. Biol. 25 (11): R439–42. 10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.027.
81 Gumer, J.M. 2019. “The Wisdom of Germline Editing: An Ethical Analysis of the Use of CRISPR-Cas9 to Edit Human Embryos.” New Bioeth 25 (2): 137–52. 10.1080/20502877.2019.1606151.
82 Guttinger, S. 2018. “Trust in Science: CRISPR-Cas9 and the Ban on Human Germline Editing.” Sci Eng Ethics 24 (4): 1077–96. 10.1007/s11948-017-9931-1.
83 Gyngell, C. 2017. “Gene Editing and the Health of Future Generations.” J. R. Soc. Med. 110 (7): 276–79. 10.1177/0141076817705616.
84 Halpern, J., S. E. O’Hara, K.W. Doxzen, L.B. Witkowsky, and A.L. Owen. 2019. “Societal and Ethical Impacts of Germline Genome Editing: How Can We Secure Human Rights?” CRISPR J 2 (5): 293–98. 10.1089/crispr.2019.0042.
85 Hampton, T. 2016. “Ethical and Societal Questions Loom Large as Gene Editing Moves Closer to the Clinic.” JAMA 315 (6): 546–48. 10.1001/jama.2015.19150.
86 Harper, J.C., and G. Schatten. 2019. “Are We Ready for Genome Editing in Human Embryos for Clinical Purposes?” Eur. J. Med. Genet. 62 (8): 103682. 10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.103682.
87 Harris, J. 2015. “Edited Genes and Slippery Slopes: Dilemmas in the Ethics of Gene Editing.” Ethics Biol. Eng. Med. 6 (3–4): 281–84. 10.1615/EthicsBiologyEngMed.2016016475.
88 Heidari, R., D.M. Shaw, and B.S. Elger. 2017. “CRISPR and the Rebirth of Synthetic Biology.” Sci. Eng. Ethics 23 (2): 351–63. 10.1007/s11948-016-9768-z.
89 Hershlag, A. and S.L. Bristow. 2018. “Editing the Human Genome: Where ART and Science Intersect.” J Assist Reprod Genet 35 (8): 1367–70. 10.1007/s10815-018-1219-0.
90 Hirsch, F., C. Lemaitre, H. Chneiweiss, and L. Montoliu. 2019. “Genome Editing: Promoting Responsible Research.” Pharm. Med. 33 (3): 187–91. 10.1007/s40290-019-00276-1.
91 Hirsch, F., R. Iphofen, and Z. Koporc. 2019. “Ethics Assessment in Research Proposals Adopting CRISPR Technology.” Biochem Med (Zagreb) 29 (2): 020202. 10.11613/BM.2019.020202.
92 Hofmann, B. 2018. “The Gene-Editing of Super-Ego.” Med Health Care Philos 21 (3): 295–302. 10.1007/s11019-018-9836-z.
93 Hollister, B.M., M.C. Gatter, K.E. Abdallah, A.J. Armsby, A.J. Buscetta, Y.J.J. Byeon, K.E. Cooper, et al. 2019. “Perspectives of Sickle Cell Disease Stakeholders on Heritable Genome Editing.” CRISPR J. 2 (6): 441–49. 10.1089/crispr.2019.0034.
94 Hough, S. H., and A. Ajetunmobi. 2019. “A CRISPR Moratorium Isn’t Enough: We Need a Boycott.” CRISPR J 2 (6): 343–45. 10.1089/crispr.2019.0041.
95 “How to Respond to CRISPR Babies.” 2018. Nature 564 (7734): 5. 10.1038/d41586-018-07634-0.
96 Howard, H.C., C.G. Van El, F. Forzano, D. Radojkovic, E. Rial-Sebbag, G. De Wert, P. Borry, and M.C. Cornel. 2018. “One Small Edit for Humans, One Giant Edit for Humankind? Points and Questions to Consider for a Responsible Way Forward for Gene Editing in Humans.” Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 26 (1): 1–11. 10.1038/s41431-017-0024-z.
97 Hynes, R.O., B.S. Coller, and M. Porteus. 2017. “Toward Responsible Human Genome Editing.” JAMA 317 (18): 1829–30. 10.1001/jama.2017.4548.
98 Hyun, I., and C. Osborn. 2017. “Query the Merits of Embryo Editing for Reproductive Research Now.” Nat. Biotechnol. 35 (11): 1023–25. 10.1038/nbt.4000.
99 Isa, N.M., N.A. Zulkifli, and S. Man. 2020. “Islamic Perspectives on CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Human Germline Gene Editing: A Preliminary Discussion.” Sci Eng Ethics 26 (1): 309–23. 10.1007/s11948-019-00098-z.
100 Ishii, T. 2015. “Germline Genome-Editing Research and Its Socioethical Implications.” Trends Mol. Med. 21 (8): 473–81. 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.05.006.
101 Ishii, T. 2017. “The Ethics of Creating Genetically Modified Children Using Genome Editing.” Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes. 24 (6): 418–23. 10.1097/MED.0000000000000369.
102 Ishii, T., and I.D.M. Beriain. 2019. “Safety of Germline Genome Editing for Genetically Related ‘Future’ Children as Perceived by Parents.” CRISPR J. 2 (6): 370–75. 10.1089/crispr.2019.0010.
103 Ishii, T. 2017a. “Germ Line Genome Editing in Clinics: The Approaches, Objectives and Global Society.” Brief Funct Genomics 16 (1): 46–56. 10.1093/bfgp/elv053.
104 Ishii, T. 2017b. “Reproductive Medicine Involving Genome Editing: Clinical Uncertainties and Embryological Needs.” Reprod Biomed Online 34 (1): 27–31. 10.1016/j.rbmo.2016.09.009.
105 Jasanoff, S., J. B. Hurlbut, and K. Saha. 2019. “Democratic Governance of Human Germline Genome Editing.” CRISPR J 2 (5): 266–71. 10.1089/crispr.2019.0047.
106 Jedwab, A., D.F. Vears, C. Tse, and C. Gyngell. 2020. “Genetics Experience Impacts Attitudes towards Germline Gene Editing: A Survey of over 1500 Members of the Public.” J. Hum. Genet. 65 (12): 1055–65. 10.1038/s10038-020-0810-2.
107 Johnston, J. 2020. “Shaping the CRISPR Gene-Editing Debate: Questions About Enhancement and Germline Modification.” Perspect Biol Med 63 (1): 141–54. 10.1353/pbm.2020.0011.
108 Juengst, E.T. 2017. “Crowdsourcing the Moral Limits of Human Gene Editing?” Hastings Cent Rep 47 (3): 15–23. 10.1002/hast.701.
109 Juengst, E.T., G.E. Henderson, R.L. Walker, J.M. Conley, D. MacKay, K.M. Meagher, K. Saylor, M. Waltz, K.J. Kuczynski, and R.J. Cadigan. 2018. “Is Enhancement the Price of Prevention in Human Gene Editing?” CRISPR J. 1 (6): 351–54. 10.1089/crispr.2018.0040.
110 Kang, X.J., C. I. N. Caparas, B. S. Soh, and. Fan. 2017. “Addressing Challenges in the Clinical Applications Associated with CRISPR/Cas9 Technology and Ethical Questions to Prevent Its Misuse.” Protein Cell 8 (11): 791–95. 10.1007/s13238-017-0477-4.
111 Karagyaur, M.N., A.Y. Efimenko, P.I. Makarevich, P.A. Vasiluev, Z.A. Akopyan, E.V. Bryzgalina, and V.A. Tkachuk. 2019. “Ethical and Legal Aspects of Using Genome Editing Technologies in Medicine (Review).” Sovrem. Tehnol. Med. 11 (3): 117–32. 10.17691/stm2019.11.3.16.
112 Khan, S.H. 2019. “Genome-Editing Technologies: Concept, Pros, and Cons of Various Genome-Editing Techniques and Bioethical Concerns for Clinical Application.” Mol. Ther. Nucl. Acids 16: 326–34. 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.02.027.
113 Kleiderman, E., and U. Ogbogu. 2019. “Realigning Gene Editing with Clinical Research Ethics: What the ‘CRISPR Twins’ Debacle Means for Chinese and International Research Ethics Governance.” Account Res 26 (4): 257–64. 10.1080/08989621.2019.1617138.
114 Knoppers, B. M., and E. Kleiderman. 2019. “‘CRISPR Babies’: What Does This Mean for Science and Canada?” CMAJ 191 (4): E91–92. 10.1503/cmaj.181657.
115 Knoppers, B.M., and E. Kleiderman. 2019. “Heritable Genome Editing: Who Speaks for ‘Future’ Children?” CRISPR J. 2 (5): 285–92. 10.1089/crispr.2019.0019.
116 Kohn, D.B., M.H. Porteus, and A.M. Scharenberg. 2016. “Ethical and Regulatory Aspects of Genome Editing.” Blood 127 (21): 2553–60. 10.1182/blood-2016-01-678136.
117 Kratzer, K., L.J. Getz, T. Peterlini, J.-Y. Masson, and G. Dellaire. 2022. “Addressing the Dark Matter of Gene Therapy: Technical and Ethical Barriers to Clinical Application.” Hum. Genet. 141 (6): 1175–93. 10.1007/s00439-021-02272-5.
118 Krimsky, S. 2019a. “Breaking the Germline Barrier in a Moral Vacuum.” Account Res 26 (6): 351–68. 10.1080/08989621.2019.1644171.
119 Krimsky, S. 2019b. “The Moral Choices on CRISPR Babies.” Am J Bioeth 19 (10): 15–16. 10.1080/15265161.2019.1644824.
120 Krishan, K., T. Kanchan, and B. Singh. 2016. “Human Genome Editing and Ethical Considerations.” Sci Eng Ethics 22 (2): 597–99. 10.1007/s11948-015-9675-8.
121 Krishan, K., T. Kanchan, B. Singh, N. Baryah, and S. Puri. 2018. “Germline Editing: Editors Cautionary.” Clin. Ter. 169 (2): e58–59. 10.7417/T.2018.2053.
122 Labude, M.K., V. Xafis, P.S. Lai, and C. Mills. 2022. “Vulnerability and the Ethics of Human Germline Genome Editing.” CRISPR J. 5 (3): 358–63. 10.1089/crispr.2021.0053.
123 Lecuona, I.D., M. Casado, G. Marfany, M.L. Baroni, and M. Escarrabill. 2017. “Gene Editing in Humans: Towards a Global and Inclusive Debate for Responsible Research.” Yale J. Biol. Med. 90 (4): 673–81.
124 Ledford, H. 2019. “CRISPR Babies: When Will the World Be Ready?” Nature 570 (7761): 293–96. 10.1038/d41586-019-01906-z.
125 Lee, 2022 “The Crispr Revolution in Genome Engineering: Perspectives from Religious Ethics.” J. Relig. Ethics. 50: 333–360. 10.1111/jore.12402.
126 Lehmann, L.S. 2019. “Using the 4-S Framework to Guide Conversations With Patients About CRISPR.” AMA J Ethics 21 (12): E1029–35. 10.1001/amajethics.2019.1029.
127 Li, J.-R., S. Walker, J.-B. Nie, and X.-Q. Zhang. 2019. “Experiments That Led to the First Gene-Edited Babies: The Ethical Failings and the Urgent Need for Better Governance.” J. Zhejiang Uni. Sci. B 20 (1): 32–38. 10.1631/jzus.B1800624.
128 Liao, S.M. 2019. “Designing Humans: A Human Rights Approach.” Bioethics 33 (1): 98–104. 10.1111/bioe.12519.
129 Locke, L.G. 2020. “The Promise of CRISPR for Human Germline Editing and the Perils of ‘Playing God.’” CRISPR J 3 (1): 27–31. 10.1089/crispr.2019.0033.
130 Lorenzo, D., M. Esquerda, and Grupo Interdisciplinar en Bioética. 2019. “Map of Ethical Conflicts of the CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Edition Technique.” Med Clin (Barc) 153 (9): 357–59. 10.1016/j.medcli.2019.03.024.
131 Lovell-Badge, 2019. “CRISPR Babies: A View from the Centre of the Storm.” Development 146 (3): dev175778. 10.1242/dev.175778.
132 Lyon, J. 2017. “Bioethics Panels Open Door Slightly to Germline Gene Editing.” JAMA 318 (17): 1639–40. 10.1001/jama.2017.13962.
133 Macintosh, K.L. 2019. “Heritable Genome Editing and the Downsides of a Global Moratorium.” CRISPR J 2 (5): 272–79. 10.1089/crispr.2019.0016.
134 Malmqvist, E. 2021. “Clinical Trials of Germline Gene Editing: The Exploitation Problem.” Bioethics 35 (7): 688–95. 10.1111/bioe.12903.
135 Mandrioli, M. 2022. “Genome Editing among Bioethics and Regulatory Practices.” Biomolecules 12 (1):13. 10.3390/biom12010013.
136 Marchant, G.E. 2021. “Global Governance of Human Genome Editing: What Are the Rules?” Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 22: 385–405. 10.1146/annurev-genom-111320-091930.
137 Marinelli, S., and A. Del Rio. 2020. “Beginning of Life Ethics at the Dawn of a New Era of Genome Editing: Are Bioethical Precepts and Fast-Evolving Biotechnologies Irreconcilable?” Clin. Ter. 171 (5): e407–11. 10.7417/CT.2020.2249.
138 Mariscal, C., and A. Petropanagos. 2016. “CRISPR as a Driving Force: The Model T of Biotechnology.” Monash Bioeth Rev 34 (2): 101–16. 10.1007/s40592-016-0062-2.
139 Master, Z., and P. Bedford. 2018. “CRISPR Gene Editing Should Be Allowed in Canada, But Under What Circumstances?” J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can. 40 (2): 224–26. 10.1016/j.jogc.2017.08.028.
140 Mathews, D.J.H. 2018. “Solidarity in the Age of CRISPR.” CRISPR J. 1 (4): 261–63. 10.1089/crispr.2018.29026.mat.
141 Matthews, K. R. W., and A.S. Iltis. 2019. “Are We Ready to Genetically Modify a Human Embryo? Or Is It Too Late to Ask?” Account Res 26 (4): 265–70. 10.1080/08989621.2019.1617139.
142 McCaughey, T., P. G. Sanfilippo, G.E. C. Gooden, D.M. Budden, L. Fan, E. Fenwick, G. Rees, et al. 2016. “A Global Social Media Survey of Attitudes to Human Genome Editing.” Cell Stem Cell 18 (5): 569–72. 10.1016/j.stem.2016.04.011.
143 McConnell, S.C. 2019. “An Exclusive Interview With CRISPR.” AMA J Ethics 21 (12): E1079–88. 10.1001/amajethics.2019.1079.
144 Meagher, K.M., and Z. Master. 2019. “Fostering a Prevention Mindset for Responsible Gene Editing.” Account Res 26 (4): 251–56. 10.1080/08989621.2019.1617140.
145 Melo-Martín, I. de, and Z. Rosenwaks. 2021. “Human Embryo Genetic Editing: Hope or Pipe Dream?” Fertil. Steril. 116 (1): 25–26. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.04.017.
146 Memi, F., A. Ntokou, and I. Papangeli. 2018. “CRISPR/Cas9 Gene-Editing: Research Technologies, Clinical Applications and Ethical Considerations.” Semin. Perinatol. 42 (8): 487–500. 10.1053/j.semperi.2018.09.003.
147 Miguel Beriain, I. de, and B. Sanz. 2020. “Human Dignity and Gene Editing: Additional Support for Raposo’s Arguments.” J Bioeth Inq 17 (2): 165–68. 10.1007/s11673-020-09969-8.
148 Müller, M., M. Schneider, M. Salathé, and E. Vayena. 2020. “Assessing Public Opinion on Crispr-Cas9: Combining Crowdsourcing and Deep Learning.” J. Med. Internet Res. 22 (8): e17830. 10.2196/17830.
149 Mulvihill, J.J., B. Capps, Y. Joly, T. Lysaght, H.A.E. Zwart, and R. Chadwick. 2017. “Ethical Issues of CRISPR Technology and Gene Editing through the Lens of Solidarity.” Br. Med. Bull. 122 (1): 17–29. 10.1093/bmb/ldx002.
150 Napoletano, S., V. Piersanti, and G. Rallo. 2021. “CRISPR -Cas9: A Groundbreaking New Technique Which Ushers in New Prospects and Just as Many Doubts.” Clin Ter 171 (1): e52–54. 10.7417/CT.2021.2281.
151 Nestor, M.W., and R.L. Wilson. 2020. “Beyond Mendelian Genetics: Anticipatory Biomedical Ethics and Policy Implications for the Use of CRISPR Together with Gene Drive in Humans.” J Bioeth Inq 17 (1): 133–44. 10.1007/s11673-019-09957-7.
152 Nie, J.-B. 2020. “Human Genome Editing and a Global Socio-Bioethics Approach.” Hastings Cent Rep 50 (6): 44–45. 10.1002/hast.1200.
153 Niemiec, E., and H.C. Howard. 2020a. “Ethical Issues Related to Research on Genome Editing in Human Embryos.” Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J. 18: 887–96. 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.03.014.
154 Niemiec, E., and H.C. Howard. 2020b. “Germline Genome Editing Research: What Are Gamete Donors (Not) Informed about in Consent Forms?” CRISPR J. 3 (1): 52–63. 10.1089/crispr.2019.0043.
155 Noll, S. 2021. “Altered Inheritance: CRISPR and the Ethics of Human Genome Editing.” Int. J. Fem. Approaches Bioeth. 14 (1): 168–71. 10.3138/ijfab-14.1.br04.
156 Opar, A. 2019. “CRISPR-Edited Babies Arrived, and Regulators Are Still Racing to Catch Up.” Nat Med 25 (11): 1634–36. 10.1038/s41591-019-0641-x.
157 Ormond, K.E., Y. Bombard, V.L. Bonham, L. Hoffman-Andrews, H. Howard, R. Isasi, K. Musunuru, K.A. Riggan, M. Michie, and M. Allyse. 2019. “The Clinical Application of Gene Editing: Ethical and Social Issues.” Personalized Med. 16 (4): 337–50. 10.2217/pme-2018-0155.
158 Ormond, K.E., D.P. Mortlock, D.T. Scholes, Y. Bombard, L.C. Brody, W.A. Faucett, N.A. Garrison, et al. 2017. “Human Germline Genome Editing.” Am. J. Hum. Genet. 101 (2): 167–76. 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.06.012.
159 Padden, C., and J. Humphries. 2020. “Who Goes First? Deaf People and CRISPR Germline Editing.” Perspect Biol Med 63 (1): 54–65. 10.1353/pbm.2020.0004.
160 Palacios-González, C. 2021. “Reproductive Genome Editing Interventions Are Therapeutic, Sometimes.” Bioethics 35 (6): 557–62. 10.1111/bioe.12846.
161 Parent, B. & A. Turi. 2019. “Nature beyond Control: How Expectations Should Inform Decisions about Human Germline Engineering.” J Assist Reprod Genet 36 (9): 1771–77. 10.1007/s10815-019-01528-4.
162 Pavlovic, Z.J., M.R. Sax, A.S. Kim, and A.H. DeCherney. 2020. “Altered Evolution: Are Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Specialists Ready for the Genetically Engineered Future?” J. Assisted Reprod. Genet. 37 (12): 2949–54. 10.1007/s10815-020-01963-8.
163 Peng, Y., J. Lv, L. Ding, X. Gong, and Q. Zhou. 2022. “Responsible Governance of Human Germline Genome Editing in China(Dagger).” Biol. Reprod. 107 (1): 261–68. 10.1093/biolre/ioac114.
164 Piergentili, R., A. Del Rio, F. Signore, F. Umani Ronchi, E. Marinelli, and S. Zaami. 2021. “Crispr-Cas and Its Wide-Ranging Applications: From Human Genome Editing to Environmental Implications, Technical Limitations, Hazards and Bioethical Issues.” Cells 10 (5). 10.3390/cells10050969.
165 Ranisch, R. 2017. “Germline Genome Editing and the Functions of Consent.” Am J Bioeth 17 (12): 27–29. 10.1080/15265161.2017.1388875.
166 Ranisch, R. 2020. “Germline Genome Editing versus Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: Is There a Case in Favour of Germline Interventions?” Bioethics 34 (1): 60–69. 10.1111/bioe.12635.
167 Ranisch, R., T. Rudolph, H.-J. Cremer, and N. Knoepffler. 2020. “Ordo-Responsibility for Germline Gene Editing.” CRISPR J. 3 (1): 37–43. 10.1089/crispr.2019.0040.
168 Ranisch, R., K. Trettenbach, and G. Arnason. 2023. “Initial Heritable Genome Editing: Mapping a Responsible Pathway from Basic Research to the Clinic.” Med Health Care Philos 26 (4): 31–35, 10.1007/s11019-022-10115-x.
169 Raposo, V.L. 2019. “CRISPR-Cas9 and the Promise of a Better Future.” Eur J Health Law 26 (4): 308–29. 10.1163/15718093-12264438.
170 Reyes, A.P., and F. Lanner. 2017. “Towards a CRISPR View of Early Human Development: Applications, Limitations and Ethical Concerns of Genome Editing in Human Embryos.” Development 144 (1): 3–7. 10.1242/dev.139683.
171 Rosenbaum, L. 2019. “The Future of Gene Editing - Toward Scientific and Social Consensus.” New Engl. J. Med. 380 (10): 971–75. 10.1056/NEJMms1817082.
172 Rossant, J. 2018. “Gene Editing in Human Development: Ethical Concerns and Practical Applications.” Development 145(16): dev150888 10.1242/dev.150888.
173 Rufo, Fabrizio, and Antonella Ficorilli. 2019. “From Asilomar to Genome Editing: Research Ethics and Models of Decision.” NanoEthics 13 (3): 223–32. 10.1007/s11569-019-00356-1.
174 Rulli, T. 2019. “Reproductive CRISPR Does Not Cure Disease.” Bioethics 33 (9): 1072–82. 10.1111/bioe.12663.
175 Saha, K., J.B. Hurlbut, and S. Jasanoff. 2018. “Response to Beriain.” Trends Biotechnol. 36 (12): 1206–7. 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.08.004.
176 Sand, M., A. L. Bredenoord, and K. R. Jongsma. 2019. “After the Fact-the Case of CRISPR Babies.” Eur J Hum Genet 27 (11): 1621–24. 10.1038/s41431-019-0459-5.
177 Savulescu, J., J. Pugh, T. Douglas, and C. Gyngell. 2015. “The Moral Imperative to Continue Gene Editing Research on Human Embryos.” Protein Cell 6 (7): 476–79. 10.1007/s13238-015-0184-y.
178 Scheufele, D.A., M.A. Xenos, E.L. Howell, K.M. Rose, D. Brossard, and B.W. Hardy. 2017. “U.S. Attitudes on Human Genome Editing.” Science 357 (6351): 553–54. 10.1126/science.aan3708.
179 Schleidgen, S., H.-G. Dederer, S. Sgodda, S. Cravcisin, L. Lüneburg, T. Cantz, and T. Heinemann. 2020. “Human Germline Editing in the Era of CRISPR-Cas: Risk and Uncertainty, Inter-Generational Responsibility, Therapeutic Legitimacy.” BMC Med Ethics 21 (1): 87. 10.1186/s12910-020-00487-1.
180 Schuijff, M., M.D.T. De Jong, and A.M. Dijkstra. 2021. “A Q Methodology Study on Divergent Perspectives on CRISPR-Cas9 in the Netherlands.” BMC Med Ethics 22 (1): 48. 10.1186/s12910-021-00615-5.
181 Schwartz, S.A. 2017. “The Oncoming Challenge of Homo Superior.” Explore (NY) 13 (6): 364–66. 10.1016/j.explore.2017.09.004.
182 Schweikart, S.J. 2019. “What Is Prudent Governance of Human Genome Editing?” AMA J Ethics 21 (12): E1042–48. 10.1001/amajethics.2019.1042.
183 Scott, C. T. & C. Selin. 2019. “What to Expect When Expecting CRISPR Baby Number Four.” Am J Bioeth 19 (3): 7–9. 10.1080/15265161.2018.1562793.
184 Scott, R. & S. Wilkinson. 2017. “Germline Genetic Modification and Identity: The Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genomes.” Oxf. J. Legal Stud. 37 (4): 886–915. 10.1093/ojls/gqx012.
185 Seibert, D. 2019. “Gene Editing: The Power and Risks of Creation.” J Am Assoc Nurse Pract 31 (2): 85–88. 10.1097/JXX.0000000000000196.
186 Shanahan, M.A., K.M. Aagaard, L.B. McCullough, F.A. Chervenak, and A.A. Shamshirsaz. 2021. “Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Special Statement: Beyond the Scalpel: In Utero Fetal Gene Therapy and Curative Medicine.” Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 225 (6): B9–18. 10.1016/j.ajog.2021.09.001.
187 Shaw, D. 2020. “The Consent Form in the Chinese CRISPR Study: In Search of Ethical Gene Editing.” J Bioeth Inq 17 (1): 5–10. 10.1007/s11673-019-09953-x.
188 Sherkow, J.S., E.Y. Adashi, and I.G. Cohen. 2021. “Governing Human Germline Editing through Patent Law.” JAMA 326 (12): 1149–50. 10.1001/jama.2021.13824.
189 Shozi, B. 2020. “A Critical Review of the Ethical and Legal Issues in Human Germline Gene Editing: Considering Human Rights and a Call for an African Perspective.” S. Afr. J. Bioeth. Law 13 (1): 62–67. 10.7196/SAJBL.2020.v13i1.709.
190 Shozi, B. 2021. “Does Human Germline Genome Editing Violate Human Dignity? An African Perspective.” J. Law Biosci. 8 (1): lsab002. 10.1093/jlb/lsab002.
191 Simonstein, F. 2019. “Gene Editing, Enhancing and Women’s Role.” Sci Eng Ethics 25 (4): 1007–16. 10.1007/s11948-017-9875-5.
192 Singh, S.M. 2019. “Lulu and Nana Open Pandora’s Box Far beyond Louise Brown.” CMAJ 191 (23): E642–43. 10.1503/cmaj.71979.
193 Šlesingerová, E. 2019. “In Risk We Trust/Editing Embryos and Mirroring Future Risks and Uncertainties.” Med Health Care Philos 22 (2): 191–200. 10.1007/s11019-018-9851-0.
194 Smith, K. 2020. “Time to Start Intervening in the Human Germline? A Utilitarian Perspective.” Bioethics 34 (1): 90–104. 10.1111/bioe.12691.
195 Snure Beckman, E., N. Deuitch, M. Michie, M.A. Allyse, K.A. Riggan, and K.E. Ormond. 2019. “Attitudes Toward Hypothetical Uses of Gene-Editing Technologies in Parents of People with Autosomal Aneuploidies.” CRISPR J. 2 (5): 324–30. 10.1089/crispr.2019.0021.
196 Sparrow, R. 2019. “Yesterday’s Child: How Gene Editing for Enhancement Will Produce Obsolescence-and Why It Matters.” Am J Bioeth 19 (7): 6–15. 10.1080/15265161.2019.1618943.
197 Sugarman, J. 2015. “Ethics and Germline Gene Editing.” EMBO Rep. 16 (8): 879–80. 10.15252/embr.201540879.
198 Šuleková, M., and K.T. Fitzgerald. 2019. “Can the Thought of Teilhard de Chardin Carry Us Past Current Contentious Discussions of Gene Editing Technologies?” Camb Q Healthc Ethics 28 (1): 62–75. 10.1017/S0963180118000397.
199 Sykora, P., and A. Caplan. 2017. “The Council of Europe Should Not Reaffirm the Ban on Germline Genome Editing in Humans.” EMBO Rep. 18 (11): 1871–72. 10.15252/embr.201745246.
200 Taguchi, I., T. Yamada, R. Akaishi, I. Imoto, K. Kurosawa, K. Nakatani, F. Nomura, et al. 2019. “Attitudes of Clinical Geneticists and Certified Genetic Counselors to Genome Editing and Its Clinical Applications: A Nation-Wide Questionnaire Survey in Japan.” J. Hum. Genet. 64 (9): 945–54. 10.1038/s10038-019-0635-z.
201 “Take Stock of Research Ethics in Human Genome Editing.” 2017. Nature 549 (7672): 307. 10.1038/549307a.
202 Thaldar, D., M. Botes, B. Shozi, B. Townsend & J. Kinderlerer. 2020. “Human Germline Editing: Legal-Ethical Guidelines for South Africa.” S. Afr. J. Sci. 116 (9–10): 27–33. 10.17159/sajs.2020/6760.
203 Thaldar, D. & B. Shozi. 2020. “Procreative Non-Maleficence: A South African Human Rights Perspective on Heritable Human Genome Editing.” CRISPR J 3 (1): 32–36. 10.1089/crispr.2019.0036.
204 The Lancet. 2017a. “Genome Editing: Science, Ethics, and Public Engagement.” Lancet 390 (10095): 625. 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32209-2.
205 The Lancet. 2017b. “Safeguarding the Future of Human Gene Editing.” Lancet 389 (10070): 671. 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30389-6.
206 The Lancet. 2018. “Genome Editing: Proceed with Caution.” Lancet 392 (10144): 253. 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31653-2.
207 Thompson, 2019. “How Should ‘CRISPRed’ Babies Be Monitored Over Their Life Course to Promote Health Equity?” AMA J Ethics 21 (12): E1036–41. 10.1001/amajethics.2019.1036.
208 Tilburt, J.C. 2020. “CRISPR Transgressions, the Language of Wrongness, and the Task of Ethics.” Mayo Clin. Proc. 95 (2): 221–23. 10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.12.026.
209 Tomlinson, T. 2018. “A Crispr Future for Gene-Editing Regulation: A Proposal for an Updated Biotechnology Regulatory System in an Era of Human Genomic Editing.” Fordham Law Rev 87 (1): 437–83.
210 Torrance, A.W. 2017. “CRISPR Becomes Clearer.” Hastings Cent Rep 47 (5): 5–6. 10.1002/hast.762.
211 Townsend, B.A. 2020. “Human Genome Editing: How to Prevent Rogue Actors.” BMC Med Ethics 21 (1): 95. 10.1186/s12910-020-00527-w.
212 Travis, J. 2015. “Genetic Engineering: Germline Editing Dominates DNA Summit.” Sci. 350 (6266): 1299–1300. 10.1126/science.350.6266.1299.
213 Turocy, J., E.Y. Adashi, and D. Egli. 2021. “Heritable Human Genome Editing: Research Progress, Ethical Considerations, and Hurdles to Clinical Practice.” Cell 184 (6): 1561–74. 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.036.
214 Udwadia, F., and S. Singh. 2019. “Starting the Conversation: CRISPR’s Role in India.” Indian J Med Ethics 4 (NS) (4): 300–303. 10.20529/IJME.2019.016.
215 Van Baalen, S., J. Gouman, D. Houtman, B. Vijlbrief, S. Riedijk, and P. Verhoef. 2021. “The DNA-Dialogue: A Broad Societal Dialogue about Human Germline Genome Editing in the Netherlands.” CRISPR J. 4 (4): 616–25. 10.1089/crispr.2021.0057.
216 Vasiliou, Stella K., Eleftherios P. Diamandis, George M. Church, Henry T. Greely, Françoise Baylis, Charis Thompson, and Gerold Schmitt-Ulms. 2016. “CRISPR-Cas9 System: Opportunities and Concerns.” Clin Chem 62 (10): 1304–11. 10.1373/clinchem.2016.263186.
217 Veit, W., J. Anomaly, N. Agar, P. Singer, D.S. Fleischman, and F. Minerva. 2021. “Can ‘eugenics’ Be Defended?” Monash Bioeth Rev 39 (1): 60–67. 10.1007/s40592-021-00129-1.
218 Walters, L.R., R.M. Cook-Deegan, and E.Y. Adashi. 2021. “Governing Heritable Human Genome Editing: A Textual History and a Proposal for the Future.” CRISPR J. 4 (4): 469–76. 10.1089/crispr.2021.0043.
219 Wareham, C.S. 2020. “Genome Editing for Longer Lives: The Problem of Loneliness.” J Bioeth Inq 17 (2): 309–14. 10.1007/s11673-020-09967-w.
220 Zhang, D., A. Hussain, H. Manghwar, K. Xie, S. Xie, S. Zhao, R.M. Larkin, P. Qing, S. Jin, and F. Ding. 2020. “Genome Editing with the CRISPR-Cas System: An Art, Ethics and Global Regulatory Perspective.” Plant Biotechnol J 18 (8): 1651–69. 10.1111/pbi.13383.
221 Zhang, D., and R.K. Lie. 2018. “Ethical Issues in Human Germline Gene Editing: A Perspective from China.” Monash Bioeth Rev 36 (1–4): 23–35. 10.1007/s40592-018-0091-0.
222 Zhou, Q., Y. Zhang, Y. Zou, T. Yin, and J. Yang. 2020. “Human Embryo Gene Editing: God’s Scalpel or Pandora’s Box?” Brief. Funct. Genomics 19 (3): 154–63. 10.1093/bfgp/elz025.
223 Zimbelman, J.A. n.d. “Managing New Technology When Effective Control Is Lost: Facing Hard Choices With Crispr.” J. Relig. Ethics 50 (3): 433-60. 10.1111/jore.12406.