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. 2025 Apr 22;64(4):162. doi: 10.1007/s00394-025-03672-3

Table 1.

General characteristics of male and female study participants

Male (n = 195) Female (n = 239) p-value1
Median (IQR) Median (IQR)
Age (years) 66 (63–70) 65 (63–70) 0.103
BMI (kg/m2) 26.8 (24.7–29.3) 25.7 (23.2–28.2) 0.001***
Waist circumference (cm) 96.0 (90.0–103.0) 89.0 (83.0–96.0) < 0.001***
FFM (%) 68.8 (65.1–72.5) 61.2 (57.1–64.8) < 0.001***
FM (%) 31.2 (27.5–34.9) 38.8 (35.2–42.9) < 0.001***
FFM (Kg) 54.7 (51.5–58.6) 39.2 (36.6–42.3) < 0.001***
FM (Kg) 24.5 (20.7–29.7) 24.82 (20.6–29.5) 0.907
Muscle Mass (Kg) 34.9 (32.0–37.3) 23.9 (21.9–26.0) < 0.001***
VAI 0.91 (0.61–1.46) 1.0 (0.81–1.51) 0.007**
SBP (mmHg) 143 (132–158) 133 (120–146) < 0.001***
DBP (mmHg) 88 (81–94) 82 (76.67–90.) < 0.001***
AGEs (kU/day) 11,925.2 (8811.6–17,030.5) 10,492.7 (8103.9–14,692.8) 0.003**
Glucose (mg/dL) 100 (91–110) 94 (88–102) < 0.001***
Insulin (U/L) 8.8 (6.1–12.4) 7.50 (5.6–10.0) 0.012*
HOMA-IR index 2.2 (1.4–3.4) 1.7 (1.2–2.4) < 0.001***
Triglycerides (mg/dL) 94 (70–125) 91 (71–116) 0.747
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) 200 (179–228) 226 (204–250) < 0.001***
Cholesterol HDL (mg/dl) 57 (48–69) 72 (61–81) < 0.001***
Cholesterol LDL (mg/dl) 122 (100–143) 136 (113–156) < 0.001***
hsCRP (mg/L) 0.11 (0.06–0.21) 0.10 (0.06–0.26) 0.792
IL-18 (pg/ml) 400.9 (319.6—503.5) 320.9 (263.0—405.8) < 0.001***
N (%) N (%) p-value2
Hypertension 72 (36.9%) 63 (26.4%) 0.022*
Hypertension therapy 69 (35.4%) 62 (26.4%) 0.036*
Hypolipidemic treatment 43 (22.1%) 35 (14.6%) 0.059
Metformin therapy 13 (6.7%) 3 (1.3%) 0.004**
Smoke 16 (8.3%) 25 (10.6%) 0.267

The comparison between male and female was carried out with Mann–Whitney test1 or Fisher Exact Test2

*0.050 > p-value ≤ 0.010; **0.010 > p-value < 0.001; ***p-value ≤ 0.001

BMI, body mass index; FFM, fat free mass; FM, fat mass; VAI, visceral adiposity index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; AGEs, advanced glycation end products; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-18, interleukin-18