Table 3.

Correlations between the dictation and vocabulary tests and other language-related measures

Significant correlations are shaded (dark grey: p <.001; light grey: p <.05). The values are Pearson’s r, except the correlation with Chinese subject grade in HKDSE, which is Spearman’s rho. The Chinese subject score in Gaokao and Chinese subject grade in HKDSE are used to represent the performance in public examination of mainland China and Hong Kong participants, respectively. The lexical decision reaction time used in the analysis is standardized (z-score transformed) within each participant to eliminate individual differences in overall processing speed