Table 1.

Ligands and receptors selectively modulating function patterns expressed by macrophages

Ligand/Receptor	Functional Impact	References
TLR & Nod	Selectively stimulate distinct patterns of macrophage function	48,49,71,88–90
TNFα-R family	Selectively stimulate distinct functional patterns, emphasizing inflammatory function	39,40,46,184–188
Cytokines	Each cytokine appears to have a unique influence on macrophage function	22–24,31,37,57,67,72–74
Complement	Ligation of complement receptors enhances inflammatory function of macrophages	79,80,87,189
Fc receptors	Ligation of different FcR reduce or enhance inflammatory function of macrophages	22,47,82–84, 86,87, 189,190
Integrins	Enhance pro-inflammatory activities and macrophage emigration	43,96,97,191
Arachidonic Acid metabolites	Selectively decrease inflammatory cytokine production by macrophages	100–102
Stress hormones (glucocorticoids and catecholamines)	Differentially inhibit inflammatory cytokines and NO release and enhance IL-10 production	75–78
PPAR	Selectively inhibit pro-inflammatory functions of macrophages	91–93
FABP (aP2)	Selectively enhance pro-inflammatory activities	94,95
Histamine	Selectively inhibits production of some inflammatory cytokines and enhances production of IL-10	103,104
Insulin	Augments alternative activation of macrophages by IL-4	105,106
IGF	Enhances inflammatory cytokine production	192
Apoptotic Cells	Engulfment differentially down-regulates some inflammatory functions and differentially upregulates some anti-inflammatory functions and pro-wound resolution activities	29,33,34