. 2025 Apr 22;15:13832. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-98685-7

Table 2.

Comparison of minimum Inline graphic and standard deviation from Teaching–learning-based optimization algorithm⁴⁹, Imperialistic competitive algorithm⁵⁰, Enhanced fireworks algorithm⁵¹ and present study.

Optimization method		Standard deviation
Teaching-learning-based optimization algorithm (TLBO)⁴⁹	1.324	0.00062
Imperialistic competitive algorithm (ICA)⁵⁰	1.321	0.00692
Enhanced fireworks algorithm (EFWA)⁵¹	1.322	0.000331
Present study	1.324	0.00068