. 2025 Apr 22;15:13832. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-98685-7

Table 3.

Comparison of minimum Inline graphic and standard deviation of EFWA⁵¹, Particle swarm optimization⁵³, Biogeography-based optimization⁵⁴, and present study method for benchmark 2.

Source		standard deviation
Enhanced fireworks algorithm (EFWA)⁵¹	1.225	–
Particle swarm optimization (PSO)⁵³	1.246	0.0931
Biogeography-based optimization (BBO)⁵⁴	1.221	0.437
Present study	1.242	0.0225