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. 2025 Apr 22;15:13963. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-98547-2

Table 5.

Grain composition and nutritional values in plants under drought stress and Olive mill wastewater.

Parameter Control Stress OMWW OMWW + Stress
Crude protein 12.18 ± 2.00 b 15.27 ± 1.89 ab 16.14 ± 2.25 ab 18.15 ± 0.23 a
Ash 1.86 ± 0.15 a 1.92 ± 0.19 a 2.12 ± 0.21 a 2.12 ± 0.16 a
Lipids 3.86 ± 0.51 b 4.83 ± 0.54 ab 4.52 ± 0.47 ab 5.00 ± 0.34 a
NDF 95.19 ± 6.76 c 135.72 ± 14.65 a 131.90 ± 12.78 a 144.35 ± 16.22 a
ADF 42.79 ± 4.45 b 48.46 ± 4.77 ab 51.68 ± 6.01 ab 58.74 ± 6.12 a
ADL 1.03 ± 0.12 b 1.22 ± 0.29 ab 1.25 ± 0.21 ab 1.55 ± 0.21 a
Tannins 0.29 ± 0.04 b 0.35 ± 0.04 ab 0.36 ± 0.04 ab 0.44 ± 0.05 a
Alkaloids 1.78 ± 0.15 c 3.11 ± 0.42 b 2.55 ± 0.33 bc 4.56 ± 0.29 a

At a 5% probability level, the Tukey HSD test reveals that parameters sharing the same letter(s) is not significantly different. ADF: Acid detergent fiber; NDF: Neutral detergent fiber; ADL: Acid detergent lignin.