Table 8.
Physiochemical and antioxidant properties of Olive mill wastewater.
| Physico-chemical characterization | Raw OMWW | diluted-OMWW |
|---|---|---|
| Dry matter (%) | 17.99 ± 1.65 | 11.78 ± 1.11 |
| pH | 5.97 ± 0.46 | 5.89 ± 0.39 |
| Electric conductivity (dS m− 1 ) | 10.42 ± 0.87 | 1.25 ± 0.11 |
| Chemical oxygen demand (g L− 1 ) | 16.61 ± 1.34 | 12.82 ± 1.00 |
| Biochemical oxygen demand (g L− 1) | 70.14 ± 5.67 | 52.98 ± 4.17 |
| Organic matter (g L− 1 ) | 19.17 ± 2.23 | 11.73 ± 1.45 |
| Minerals (g L− 1 ) | ||
| Nitrogen | 2.46 ± 0.23 | 1.45 ± 0.18 |
| Phosphorus | 23.11 ± 1.78 | 10.31 ± 1.09 |
| Potassium | 4.66 ± 0.46 | 2.35 ± 0.31 |
| Calcium | 0.93 ± 0.08 | 0.52 ± 0.06 |
| Magnesium | 0.50 ± 0.07 | 0.28 ± 0.04 |
| Sodium | 1.78 ± 0.54 | 0.99 ± 0.07 |
| Chloride | 1.25 ± 0.16 | 0.70 ± 0.10 |
| Iron | 0.72 ± 0.05 | 0.41 ± 0.05 |
| Zinc | 0.18 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.02 |
| Cadmium | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 |
| Lead | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
| Copper | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 |
| Nickel | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
| Chromium | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
| Arsenic | 0.002 ± 0.00 | 0.001 ± 0.00 |
| Mercury | 0.0001 ± 0.00 | 0.0000 ± 0.00 |
| Antioxidant | ||
| Antioxidant Activity (FRAP) | 63.80 ± 8.11 | 42.14 ± 6.35 |
| Antioxidant Activity DPPH (%) | 89.50 ± 10.44 | 52.70 ± 7.34 |
| Phenols and flavones (g L− 1 ) | ||
| Total phenols | 4.32 ± 0.34 | 3.30 ± 0.23 |
| Total Flavonoids | 3.45 ± 0.25 | 2.07 ± 0.27 |
| Caffeic acid | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
| Ferulic ACID | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.01 |
| Protocatechuic acid | 0.31 ± 0.04 | 0.17 ± 0.03 |
| Catechin | 0.26 ± 0.04 | 0.15 ± 0.02 |
| Galic acid | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.10 ± 0.02 |
| p-Coumaric acid | 0.55 ± 0.07 | 0.34 ± 0.04 |
| Resorcinol | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.38 ± 0.04 |
| Chlorogenic acid | 0.33 ± 0.06 | 0.21 ± 0.03 |
| Syringic acid | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.08 ± 0.01 |
| Quercetin | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.45 ± 0.03 |
| Quercetrin | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.10 ± 0.02 |
| Luteolin | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.10 ± 0.01 |
| Apigenin | 0.23 ± 0.03 | 0.17 ± 0.02 |
| Isoquercetrin | 0.56 ± 0.04 | 0.34 ± 0.04 |
| Rutin | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 |
| Ellagic acid | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.14 ± 0.02 |
| Velutin | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.01 |
| Naringenin | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 |
| Genistein | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.08 ± 0.01 |
| Daidzein | 0.20 ± 0.03 | 0.09 ± 0.01 |
| Fisetin | 0.26 ± 0.04 | 0.17 ± 0.03 |
| O-hydroxydaidzein | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 |
All assessments were conducted following established protocols for analyzing water and wastewater.