Table 2.
Participant characteristics by food system typology, 2018–22 (N = 638 192)
| Overall | Rural and traditional | Informal and expanding | Emerging and diversifying | Modernizing and formalizing | Industrial and consolidated | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall N | 638 192 | 123 286 | 119 471 | 106 079 | 137 837 | 151 519 | ||
| N | % | % | % | % | % | % | P | |
| INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL MEASURES | ||||||||
| Age | ||||||||
| 15–29 years | 190 721 | 33.0 | 46.0 | 41.0 | 31.0 | 27.0 | 21.0 | <.001 |
| 30–49 years | 233 306 | 36.0 | 36.0 | 38.0 | 37.0 | 38.0 | 33.0 | |
| 50–69 years | 156 635 | 23.0 | 14.0 | 18.0 | 25.0 | 26.0 | 31.0 | |
| 70–89 years | 54 280 | 7.0 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 6.6 | 8.1 | 14.0 | |
| 90–100 years | 3244 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.8 | |
| Gender, Female | 334 734 | 51.0 | 51.0 | 51.0 | 52.0 | 50.0 | 51.0 | <.001 |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Single | 196 100 | 32.0 | 30.0 | 38.0 | 35.0 | 30.0 | 30.0 | <.001 |
| Married | 350 979 | 56.0 | 61.0 | 53.0 | 53.0 | 57.0 | 55.0 | |
| Divorced, separated, or widowed | 87 712 | 12.0 | 9.0 | 9.3 | 12.0 | 13.0 | 14.0 | |
| Households with children under 15 years | 320 041 | 53.0 | 80.0 | 71.0 | 51.0 | 42.0 | 28.0 | <.001 |
| Education | ||||||||
| Completed primary school | 161 618 | 34.0 | 64.0 | 43.0 | 34.0 | 23.0 | 15.0 | <.001 |
| Some secondary school | 334 972 | 51.0 | 32.0 | 49.0 | 52.0 | 56.0 | 61.0 | |
| Completed secondary school | 141 602 | 15.0 | 5.0 | 8.0 | 14.0 | 21.0 | 24.0 | |
| Employment | ||||||||
| Working full-time | 272 388 | 41.0 | 36.0 | 38.0 | 39.0 | 46.0 | 46.0 | <.001 |
| Working part-time | 98 704 | 16.0 | 22.0 | 19.0 | 14.0 | 10.0 | 13.0 | |
| Out of the workforce | 41 311 | 7.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 7.0 | 5.0 | |
| Unemployed | 222 388 | 36.0 | 34.0 | 35.0 | 38.0 | 37.0 | 36.0 | |
| Urbanization | ||||||||
| Rural area | 146 385 | 24.0 | 42.0 | 28.0 | 27.0 | 14.0 | 13.0 | <.001 |
| Small town or village | 213 352 | 34.0 | 35.0 | 32.0 | 31.0 | 33.0 | 37.0 | |
| Large city | 200 626 | 30.0 | 15.0 | 29.0 | 30.0 | 42.0 | 33.0 | |
| Suburb of a large city | 77 829 | 12.0 | 8.0 | 11.0 | 12.0 | 11.0 | 17.0 | |
| Not enough money for food | 224 472 | 37.0 | 61.0 | 54.0 | 37.0 | 27.0 | 13.0 | <.001 |
| COUNTRY-LEVEL MEASURES | ||||||||
| Overall | Rural and traditional | Informal and expanding | Emerging and diversifying | Modernizing and formalizing | Industrial and consolidated | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of countries | 135 | 28 | 27 | 22 | 28 | 30 | ||
| N | % | % | % | % | % | % | P | |
| Wealth quintile | ||||||||
| Lowest | 101 693 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 19.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | .999 |
| Second | 111 047 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | |
| Middle | 122 578 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | |
| Fourth | 135 913 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | |
| Fifth | 163 110 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | |
| Country Income | ||||||||
| Low-income | 62 213 | 10.0 | 46.0 | 4.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | <.001 |
| Low-middle income | 184 731 | 29.0 | 54.0 | 71.0 | 23.0 | 7.0 | 0 | |
| Upper-middle income | 172 750 | 27.0 | 0 | 25.0 | 69.0 | 47.0 | 3.0 | |
| High-income | 218 498 | 34.0 | 0 | 0 | 8.0 | 46.0 | 97.0 | |
| Region | ||||||||
| Europe | 164 279 | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | 14.0 | 36.0 | 66.0 | <.001 |
| Former Soviet Union | 64 917 | 10.0 | 4.0 | 11.0 | 20.0 | 15.0 | 3.0 | |
| Asia | 122 498 | 19.0 | 36.0 | 25.0 | 13.0 | 11.0 | 14.0 | |
| Americas | 92 122 | 14.0 | 0 | 18.0 | 24.0 | 17.0 | 14.0 | |
| Middle East and North Africa | 65 157 | 10.0 | 3.0 | 12.0 | 14.0 | 20.0 | 3.0 | |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 129 201 | 20.0 | 58.0 | 34.0 | 16.0 | 0 | 0 |
Notes: P-value based on chi-squared tests for categorical variables with country food system typology type as a continuous variable. Bolded P-values indicate statistical significance. Data are survey-weighted. Percentages are column percentages.