Table 1.
Perioperative patient characteristics
| Variables | All (n = 601) | No POAF | POAF | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal LVMI (n = 110) |
High LVMI (n = 238) |
p value | Normal LVMI (n = 54) |
High LVMI (n = 199) |
p value | ||
| Age (years) | 76.0 ± 8.1 | 73.4 ± 8.2 | 77.5 ± 8.9 | < 0.001 | 74.2 ± 7.4 | 79.5 ± 7.6 | 0.0051 |
| Male | 239 (39.8) | 56 (50.1) | 82 (34.5) | < 0.001 | 29 (53.7) | 72 (36.2) | < 0.001 |
| BSA (m2) | 1.48 ± 0.18 | 1.51 ± 0.18 | 1.43 ± 0.18 | 0.648 | 1.52 ± 0.19 | 1.42 ± 0.17 | 0.703 |
| Hypertension | 464 (77.2) | 80 (72.7) | 178 (74.8) | 0.725 | 40 (74.1) | 166 (83.4) | 0.044 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 188 (31.3) | 34 (30.9) | 77 (32.4) | 0.554 | 17 (31.5) | 60 (30.1) | 0.613 |
| Coronary artery disease | 269 (44.8) | 46 (41.8) | 105 (44.1) | 0.884 | 26 (48.1) | 92 (46.2) | 0.459 |
| CKD (eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2) | 233 (38.8) | 38 (34.5) | 77 (32.4) | 0.623 | 23 (42.6) | 95 (47.7) | 0.537 |
| History of cerebrovascular events | 89 (14.8) | 13 (11.8) | 33 (13.9) | 0.913 | 10 (18.5) | 33 (16.5) | 0.581 |
| COPD | 203 (33.8) | 35 (31.8) | 80 (33.6) | 0.759 | 18 (33.3) | 70 (35.2) | 0.813 |
| NYHA functional class III/IV | 179 (29.8) | 19 (17.3) | 70 (29.4) | < 0.001 | 17 (31.5) | 73 (36.7) | < 0.001 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/ml) | 1792 (593–3908) | 1232 (511–1936) | 2538 (926–5302) | < 0.001 | 1362 (496–3637) | 2845 (973–6985) | < 0.001 |
| CHA2DS2-Vasc score | 4.2 ± 1.4 | 4.0 ± 1.3 | 4.0 ± 1.2 | 0.568 | 4.5 ± 1.6 | 4.6 ± 1.5 | 0.674 |
| STS risk score | 6.9 (4.0–10.5) | 6.1 (4.4–10.1) | 6.7 (4.0–10.3) | 0.021 | 6.9 (4.2–10.5) | 7.5 (4.3–10.6) | 0.013 |
| Echocardiographic characteristics | |||||||
| AV peak velocity (m/s) | 4.58 ± 0.72 | 4.59 ± 0.64 | 4.62 ± 0.75 | 0.387 | 4.47 ± 0.78 | 4.52 ± 0.73 | 0.425 |
| Mean AV pressure gradient (mmHg) | 51.4 ± 19.5 | 51.5 ± 18.3 | 52.4 ± 19.2 | 0.412 | 49.9 ± 19.6 | 52.7 ± 19.9 | 0.529 |
| AV area (cm2) | 0.63 ± 0.18 | 0.62 ± 0.17 | 0.63 ± 0.18 | 0.724 | 0.65 ± 0.19 | 0.63 ± 0.18 | 0.656 |
| LV GLS (%) | -15.3 ± 4.1 | -15.3 ± 4.3 | -15.4 ± 4.2 | 0.672 | -15.1 ± 4.3 | -15.3 ± 4.0 | 0.659 |
| LVEF (%) | 52.3 ± 7.8 | 53.3 ± 13.2 | 52.8 ± 13.1 | 0.538 | 52.9 ± 13.4 | 49.3 ± 14.6 | 0.653 |
| LVESVI (ml/m2) | 46.2 ± 17.8 | 45.2 ± 18.5 | 47.2 ± 17.6 | 0.516 | 45.2 ± 17.2 | 45.5 ± 16.8 | 0.687 |
| LVEDVI (ml/m2) | 96.9 ± 19.3 | 94.7 ± 18.9 | 98.6 ± 18.8 | 0.587 | 95.5 ± 19.7 | 96.4 ± 19.6 | 0.492 |
| LVMI (g/m2) | 136.3 ± 21.6 | 103.8 ± 10.5 | 150.8 ± 29.5 | < 0.001 | 104.6 ± 10.2 | 163.8 ± 35.8 | < 0.001 |
| SVI (ml/m2) | 51.6 ± 8.8 | 53.6 ± 8.4 | 49.6 ± 9.5 | 0.362 | 51.8 ± 8.3 | 48.4 ± 9.7 | 0.441 |
| LAVI (mL/m2) | 51.3 ± 16.6 | 45.4 ± 16.2 | 44.8 ± 16.8 | 0.419 | 59.3 ± 19.6 | 65.9 ± 17.7 | 0.685 |
| Mitral regurgitation ≥ moderate | 78 (13.0) | 8 (7.2) | 22 (9.2) | 0.039 | 8 (14.8) | 40 (20.1) | 0.016 |
| Tricuspid regurgitation ≥ moderate | 45 (7.5) | 5 (4.6) | 15 (6.3) | 0.040 | 4 (7.4) | 21 (10.6) | 0.027 |
| Procedural characteristics and 30 day-outcomes | |||||||
| Transfemoral access | 532 (88.5) | 101 (91.8) | 210 (88.2) | 0.763 | 46 (85.2) | 175 (87.9) | 0.812 |
| Implanted valve size | |||||||
| 20 mm | 36 (6.0) | 6 (5.5) | 12 (5.1) | 0.67 | 4 (7.4) | 14 (70.3) | 0.516 |
| 23 mm | 242 (40.3) | 48 (43.6) | 107 (45.0) | 0.595 | 19 (35.2) | 68 (34.2) | 0.628 |
| 26 mm | 237 (39.4) | 39 (35.5) | 87 (36.6) | 0.543 | 23 (42.6) | 88 (44.2) | 0.669 |
| 29 mm | 86 (14.3) | 17 (15.5) | 32 (13.4) | 0.732 | 8 (14.8) | 29 (14.6) | 0.645 |
| Major vascular complication | 35 (5.8) | 7 (6.4) | 13 (5.5) | 0.698 | 3 (5.6) | 12 (6.0) | 0.697 |
| Myocardial infarction | 20 (3.3) | 3 (2.7) | 7 (2.9) | 0.783 | 2 (3.7) | 8 (4.0) | 0.886 |
| Disabling stroke | 16 (2.7) | 3 (2.7) | 5 (2.1) | 0.542 | 2 (3.7) | 6 (3.0) | 0.516 |
| Moderate-severe PVL | 14 (2.3) | 2 (1.8) | 4 (1.7) | 0.553 | 2 (3.7) | 6 (3.0) | 0.497 |
| Major bleeding | 27 (4.5) | 4 (3.6) | 10 (4.2) | 0.498 | 3 (5.6) | 10 (5.0) | 0.531 |
| ICU stay (day) | 2.0 ± 1.1 | 1.8 ± 1.1 | 2.0 ± 1.0 | 0.523 | 1.9 ± 1.0 | 2.2 ± 1.2 | 0.673 |
| Length of hospital stay (day) | 4.5 (2.3–5.8) | 4.1 (2.1–5.5) | 4.8 (2.5-6.0) | 0.462 | 4.3 (2.5–5.8) | 4.9 (2.3–6.2) | 0.508 |
| Medications at discharge | |||||||
| ACE inhibitor/ARB | 436 (72.5) | 47 (42.7) | 189 (79.4) | < 0.001 | 21 (38.9) | 179 (89.9) | < 0.001 |
| Beta blocker | 435 (72.3) | 42 (38.2) | 178 (74.8) | < 0.001 | 29 (53.7) | 186 (93.4) | < 0.001 |
| Diuretics | 162 (27.0) | 12 (10.9) | 66 (27.7) | < 0.001 | 9 (16.7) | 75 (37.7) | < 0.001 |
| SGLT2i | 53 (8.8) | 8 (7.3) | 20 (8.4) | 0.694 | 5 (9.3) | 20 (10.1) | 0.792 |
Values are number (%), mean (SD) or median (IQR).
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme, ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker; AV, aortic valve, BSA, body surface area; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive lung disease; GLS, global longitudinal strain; LAVI, left atrial volume index; LV, left ventricular; LVEDVI, left ventricular end-diastolic volumes index; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESVI, left ventricular end-systolic volume index; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; NYHA, New York Heart Association; NOAC, non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant agent; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; POAF, postoperative atrial fibrillation; STS, Society of Thoracic Surgeons; SVI, left ventricular stroke volume index; PVL, paravalvular leak; SGLT2i, sodium-glucose transport protein 2 inhibitor; VKA, vitamin K antagonist