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. 2025 Apr 10;13:1543636. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2025.1543636

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Copyright © 2025 Ding, Feng, Xu and Xu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Effect of D2 on DOX-induced inhibition of H9C2 cell proliferation. H9C2 cells were treated with DOX (1 μM) in the presence or absence of D2 at concentrations of 10 μM, 20 μM, and 50 μM. D1: N-Stearoylsphingosine D2: Cer (d18:0/12:0) D3:2-Methylglutaric acid (B) D2 restores mitochondrial membrane potential in DOX-treated H9C2 cells. Representative fluorescence microscopy images showing JC-1 staining in different treatment groups. Healthy mitochondria exhibit red fluorescence, whereas depolarized mitochondria show green fluorescence. (C) Effect of D2 on the expression of apoptosis-related proteins in DOX-treated H9C2 cells. Representative Western blot images showing the expression of PARP, Caspase-3, and GAPDH (loading control).