. 2025 Apr 24;20:414. doi: 10.1186/s13018-025-05824-x

Table 2.

PIAs between the left and right sides, and between men and women (°)

Level	PIA	Side		p	Gender		p
Level	PIA	Left	Right	p	Men	Women	p
T1	A_max	52.26 ± 8.45	51.19 ± 8.48	0.011^*#	52.89 ± 8.80	50.56 ± 7.99	0.048^*#
	A_mid	40.57 ± 6.20	40.98 ± 6.07	0.185	40.98 ± 6.39	40.56 ± 5.87	0.569^#
	A_min	28.85 ± 6.10	27.82 ± 6.15	0.121^#	27.72 ± 6.19	28.95 ± 6.04	0.155
T2	A_max	41.65 ± 5.57	41.58 ± 6.28	0.656^#	42.60 ± 5.62	40.63 ± 6.08	0.003^*#
	A_mid	33.08 ± 4.47	33.61 ± 4.76	0.066	33.44 ± 4.36	33.26 ± 4.88	0.552^#
	A_min	24.98 ± 5.14	23.78 ± 4.35	0.009^*#	24.01 ± 4.37	24.75 ± 5.16	0.271
T3	A_max	35.32 ± 4.01	34.81 ± 3.96	0.070	35.98 ± 4.09	34.15 ± 3.67	0.001^*#
	A_mid	28.33 ± 3.12	28.82 ± 3.05	0.039^*	28.79 ± 3.07	28.35 ± 3.10	0.316
	A_min	21.98 ± 3.71	21.09 ± 3.72	0.009^*	21.05 ± 3.28	21.99 ± 4.09	0.074
T4	A_max	32.51 ± 2.70	32.17 ± 3.42	0.202	32.95 ± 3.25	31.74 ± 2.77	0.008^*#
	A_mid	26.15 ± 2.35	26.65 ± 2.67	0.082^#	26.40 ± 2.60	26.40 ± 2.46	0.641^#
	A_min	20.35 ± 3.42	19.79 ± 3.82	0.106	19.41 ± 3.46	20.41 ± 3.69	0.010^*
T5	A_max	31.12 ± 2.51	31.04 ± 2.78	0.788	31.64 ± 3.08	30.51 ± 1.96	0.002^*
	A_mid	24.98 ± 2.19	25.38 ± 2.35	0.102	25.06 ± 2.50	25.29 ± 2.03	0.484
	A_min	19.32 ± 3.76	18.24 ± 3.79	0.004^*#	17.96 ± 3.85	19.60 ± 3.59	0.002^*
T6	A_max	30.93 ± 2.56	30.66 ± 2.98	0.395	31.17 ± 3.03	30.41 ± 2.45	0.081^#
	A_mid	24.58 ± 2.01	24.56 ± 2.90	0.954	24.55 ± 2.82	24.58 ± 2.12	0.939
	A_min	19.11 ± 3.51	17.03 ± 4.43	< 0.001^*	17.71 ± 4.20	18.42 ± 4.04	0.232
T7	A_max	30.18 ± 2.37	30.29 ± 2.61	0.731	30.18 ± 2.60	30.29 ± 2.38	0.741
	A_mid	24.47 ± 2.15	24.07 ± 2.26	0.127	24.06 ± 2.35	24.48 ± 2.06	0.188
	A_min	18.62 ± 3.05	16.15 ± 3.98	< 0.001^*	17.00 ± 3.29	17.78 ± 4.14	0.146
T8	A_max	30.63 ± 2.76	31.05 ± 2.72	0.149	30.60 ± 2.89	31.08 ± 2.58	0.308^#
	A_mid	24.51 ± 2.19	24.42 ± 2.33	0.727	24.10 ± 2.36	24.83 ± 2.09	0.005^*#
	A_min	18.24 ± 3.35	16.25 ± 4.25	< 0.001^*	16.73 ± 3.73	17.77 ± 4.10	0.007^*#
T9	A_max	31.47 ± 3.90	31.51 ± 2.73	0.931	31.18 ± 3.13	31.80 ± 3.55	0.187^#
	A_mid	25.07 ± 2.69	24.81 ± 2.40	0.232	24.61 ± 2.69	25.27 ± 2.36	0.068
	A_min	18.61 ± 3.34	16.53 ± 4.52	< 0.001^*#	17.26 ± 4.10	17.88 ± 4.10	0.182^#
T10	A_max	33.56 ± 3.27	33.11 ± 3.28	0.151	32.98 ± 3.31	33.69 ± 3.21	0.123
	A_mid	26.29 ± 2.63	26.09 ± 2.65	0.414	25.71 ± 2.64	26.67 ± 2.55	0.009^*
	A_min	18.85 ± 3.59	16.92 ± 4.39	< 0.001^*	17.19 ± 4.11	18.58 ± 4.02	0.015^*#
T11	A_max	37.82 ± 5.75	35.86 ± 4.32	< 0.001^*#	36.45 ± 5.04	37.23 ± 5.28	0.174^#
	A_mid	28.25 ± 4.14	27.92 ± 2.93	0.044^*#	27.83 ± 3.13	28.34 ± 3.97	0.046^*#
	A_min	18.49 ± 3.74	16.45 ± 4.28	< 0.001^*#	17.05 ± 4.29	17.89 ± 3.96	0.289^#
T12	A_max	39.29 ± 5.29	39.08 ± 5.14	0.713^#	38.35 ± 5.08	40.03 ± 5.22	0.008^*#
	A_mid	29.55 ± 2.78	30.18 ± 2.91	0.022^*#	29.34 ± 3.12	30.39 ± 2.47	0.009^*
	A_min	18.08 ± 5.04	17.85 ± 4.84	0.511^#	18.00 ± 3.95	17.93 ± 5.77	0.365^#
Mean	A _max	35.56 ± 7.62	35.20 ± 7.36	< 0.001 ^*#	35.51 ± 7.72	35.14 ± 7.25	0.199 ^#
	A _mid	27.98 ± 5.60	28.12 ± 5.75	0.176 ^#	27.91 ± 5.81	28.20 ± 5.54	0.007 ^*#
	A _min	20.46 ± 5.15	18.99 ± 5.60	< 0.001 ^*#	19.25 ± 5.25	20.18 ± 5.56	< 0.001 ^*

Abbreviations: PIA, puncture inclination angle; A_max, the maximum PIA; A_mid, the middle PIA; A_min, the minimum PIA.

Data was expressed by mean ± standard deviation.

^* indicates significant differences between left and right or men and women (p < 0.05).

^# indicates measured data with non-normality.