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. 2025 Apr 14;54:103072. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2025.103072

Table 3.

Main Outcomes Summary From Randomized Controlled Trials Examining How Traditional Chinese Exercises Affect Low Back Pain in Adults Over 40 Years of Age, Database Search from Inception to 2024.

Author Sample size Duration Main outcomes Experimental group (Mean ± SD)
Control group (Mean ± SD)
p-value
pre post pre post
Sun et al., 2021 N = 70 24 Weeks VAS1 (cm) 5.18 ± 1.24 1.22 ± 0.92 4.99 ± 1.47 1.96 ± 1.03 0.02
ODI2 21.45 ± 5.30 10.83 ± 2.64 23.08 ± 5.01 12.67 ± 2.79 0.03
Li et al., 2022 N = 80 12 weeks VAS (mm) 49.19 ± 5.94 30.51 ± 7.42 48.18 ± 6.40 36.59 ± 9.77 P<0.01
ODI 14.62 ± 2.81 10.38 ± 3.16 15.10 ± 4.26 14.00 ± 6.39 P<0.01
Fang et al., 2015 N = 72 24 weeks SF-MPQ3 PRI4 14.32 ± 6.03 1.31 ± 1.73 14.36 ± 6.54 2.86 ± 3.52 P<0.05
VAS (cm) 5.22 ± 1.29 1.25 ± 1.34 4.95 ± 1.93 2.05 ± 1.92 P<0.05
PPI5 2.74 ± 0.93 0.67 ± 0.61 2.80 ± 1.06 1.14 ± 1.07 P<0.05
Composite Score 22.28 ± 7.13 3.19 ± 3.29 22.12 ± 8.16 6.05 ± 6.09 P<0.05
Chen et al., 2023 N = 74 8 weeks SF-MPQ PRI 12.25 ± 2.30 6.18 ± 1.59 12.46 ± 2.25 8.21 ± 3.57 P<0.05
VAS (cm) 6.87 ± 1.92 2.58 ± 0.42 6.83 ± 1.83 3.57 ± 0.02 P<0.05
PPI 3.80 ± 1.24 1.27 ± 0.35 3.79 ± 1.33 1.68 ± 0.37 P<0.05
Ding and Wang, 2014 N = 40 12 Weeks VAS (cm) 5.56 ± 1.13 2.90 ± 0.64 5.36 ± 1.11 3.94 ± 0.86 P<0.01
ODI 32.27 ± 2.67 22.14 ± 5.39 31.61 ± 4.27 27.06 ± 3.93 P<0.01
Wang et al., 2017 N = 119 12 weeks VAS (cm) 6.45 ± 1.05 1.66 ± 0.57 6.48 ± 0.94 3.06 ± 0.88 P<0.01
Roland-Morris Questionnaire 13.90 ± 2.17 4.33 ± 0.57 14.10 ± 2.04 6.46 ± 1.40 P<0.01
Liu et al., 2021 N = 120 12 Weeks VAS (cm) 6.06 ± 1.13 2.46 ± 1.45 6.34 ± 1.16 3.77 ± 1.33 P<0.01
ODI 27.38 ± 6.97 17.20 ± 7.73 28.40 ± 7.66 25.00 ± 6.94 P<0.01
Zou et al., 2019 N = 28 12 weeks VAS (cm) 5.67 ± 0.81 3.47 ± 0.99 5.85 ± 0.89 5.85 ± 0.8 P<0.01
Yan et al., 2022 N = 20 6 weeks VAS (cm) 5.50 ± 1.35 4.40 ± 0.97 5.40 ± 1.17 5.50 ± 1.08 P<0.05
Teut et al., 2016 N = 115 12 Weeks VAS (mm) 50.6 ± 19.5 34.14 (95 % CI:28.51–39.78) 50.6 ± 21.3 41.25 (95 % CI:36.07–46.42) P = 0.06
Liu et al., 2019 N = 28 12 Weeks VAS (cm) 5.67 ± 0.81 3.47 ± 0.99 5.85 ± 0.89 5.85 ± 0.8 P<0.01

P-values were determined by the authors of the original studies, who employed a range of statistical methodologies to do so. These methods include, but are not limited to, t-tests and multiple linear regression analysis, among others.

1. VAS: Visual Analogue Scale.

2. ODI: Oswestry Disability Index.

3. SF-MPQ: Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire.

4. RPI:Pain Rating Index.

5. PPI:Present Pain Intensity.