Table 2.
Summary statistics and results from generalized estimated equation analysis of primary and secondary outcomes (intention-to-treat analysis).
| Outcome | YJB group (n = 53) |
CE group (n = 52) |
Mean between-group difference (95% CI) | P value for interaction effect | P value for time effect | P value for group effect | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (95% CI) | Mean change from baseline (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean change from baseline (95% CI) | |||||
| Primary outcome | ||||||||
| SPADI score (range, 0 to100) | ||||||||
| Baseline | 26.69 (23.21–30.16) | NA | 27.15 (23.09–31.20) | NA | NA | |||
| Week 4 | 19.27 (15.83–22.71) | −7.42 (−10.26 to −4.58)*** | 18.29 (14.40–22.17) | −8.86 (−12.07 to −5.65)*** | 0.98 (−4.19 to 6.15) | |||
| Week 8 | 12.79 (10.12–15.46) | −13.90 (−17.08 to −10.72)*** | 11.95 (9.26–14.65) | −15.19 (−18.33 to −12.05)*** | 0.84 (−2.98 to 4.66) | 0.679 | <0.001 | 0.675 |
| Week 12 | 10.57 (8.23–12.91) | −16.12 (−18.96 to −13.28)*** | 8.84 (6.55–11.12) | −18.31 (−21.68 to −14.94)*** | 1.74 (−1.49 to 4.97) | |||
| Week 16 | 7.49 (5.40–9.58) | −19.20 (−22.00 to −16.40)*** | 7.35 (5.06–9.64) | −19.80 (−23.17 to −16.43)*** | 0.14 (−2.96 to 3.24) | |||
| Secondary outcomes | ||||||||
| Pain intensity at rest (NRS score, 0 to 10) | ||||||||
| Baseline | 2.34 (1.91–2.77) | NA | 2.02 (1.56–2.48) | NA | NA | |||
| Week 4 | 1.47 (1.05–1.90) | −0.87 (−1.36 to −0.38)*** | 1.47 (1.02–1.92) | −0.55 (−0.98 to −0.12)* | 0.01 (−0.62 to 0.64) | |||
| Week 8 | 1.11 (0.69–1.53) | −1.23 (−1.74 to −0.72)*** | 1.04 (0.67–1.42) | −0.97 (−1.32 to −0.62)*** | 0.06 (−0.51 to 0.63) | 0.160 | <0.001 | 0.597 |
| Week 12 | 1.00 (0.64–1.36) | −1.34 (−1.81 to −0.87)*** | 0.89 (0.54–1.25) | −1.12 (−1.55 to −0.69)*** | 0.10 (−0.41 to 0.61) | |||
| Week 16 | 0.42 (0.19–0.65) | −1.92 (−2.35 to −1.49)*** | 0.60 (0.34–0.85) | −1.42 (−1.81 to −1.03)*** | −0.17 (−0.52 to 0.18) | |||
| Pain intensity during activity (NRS score, 0 to 10) | ||||||||
| Baseline | 4.23 (3.80–4.65) | NA | 3.96 (3.49–4.43) | NA | NA | |||
| Week 4 | 3.16 (2.73–3.58) | −1.07 (−1.56 to −0.58)*** | 3.08 (2.63–3.53) | −0.88 (−1.31 to −0.45)*** | 0.08 (−0.55 to 0.71) | |||
| Week 8 | 2.40 (1.93–2.87) | −1.82 (−2.43 to −1.21)*** | 2.21 (1.76–2.67) | −1.75 (−2.28 to −1.22)*** | 0.19 (−0.46 to 0.84) | 0.942 | <0.001 | 0.642 |
| Week 12 | 2.05 (1.61–2.49) | −2.18 (−2.69 to −1.67)*** | 1.62 (1.23–2.02) | −2.34 (−2.77 to −1.91)*** | 0.43 (−0.16 to 1.02) | |||
| Week 16 | 1.37 (1.05–1.70) | −2.85 (−3.28 to −2.42)*** | 1.26 (0.92–1.60) | −2.70 (−3.17 to −2.23)*** | 0.11 (−0.36 to 0.58) | |||
| Flexion ROM, degree | ||||||||
| Baseline | 145.09 (139.51–150.67) | NA | 144.98 (138.81–151.15) | NA | NA | |||
| Week 4 | 155.50 (151.28–159.72) | 10.40 (6.66–14.14)*** | 150.88 (145.39–156.37) | 5.90 (1.73–10.07)** | 4.62 (−2.30 to 11.54) | |||
| Week 8 | 162.30 (157.85–166.75) | 17.21 (12.72–21.70)*** | 160.71 (155.27–166.15) | 15.73 (11.07–20.39)*** | 1.59 (−5.47 to 8.65) | 0.730 | <0.001 | 0.229 |
| Week 12 | 168.54 (165.07–172.02) | 23.45 (18.31–28.59)*** | 167.81 (164.29–171.33) | 22.83 (17.99–27.67)*** | 0.73 (−4.21 to 5.67) | |||
| Week 16 | 170.19 (166.98–173.40) | 25.09 (20.01–30.17)*** | 169.37 (165.97–172.78) | 24.39 (19.08–29.70)*** | 0.81 (−3.87 to 5.49) | |||
| Abduction ROM, degree | ||||||||
| Baseline | 143.17 (135.35–150.99) | NA | 140.25 (132.45–148.05) | NA | NA | |||
| Week 4 | 156.80 (150.79–162.81) | 13.63 (8.46–18.80)*** | 154.06 (146.69–161.42) | 13.81 (8.03–19.59)*** | 2.74 (−6.79 to 12.27) | |||
| Week 8 | 164.52 (158.97–170.07) | 21.35 (14.74–27.96)*** | 160.39 (152.95–167.84) | 20.14 (14.18–26.10)*** | 4.13 (−5.26 to 13.52) | 0.357 | <0.001 | 0.331 |
| Week 12 | 170.58 (166.46–174.69) | 27.41 (19.94–34.88)*** | 169.51 (164.62–174.40) | 29.26 (23.22–35.30)*** | 1.07 (−5.30 to 7.44) | |||
| Week 16 | 172.27 (168.75–175.79) | 29.10 (21.85–36.35)*** | 172.85 (169.08–176.62) | 32.60 (26.09–39.11)*** | −0.58 (−5.77 to 4.61) | |||
| Internal rotation ROM, degree | ||||||||
| Baseline | 61.11 (57.19–65.03) | NA | 63.21 (58.78–67.64) | NA | NA | |||
| Week 4 | 67.32 (63.43–71.20) | 6.20 (3.22–9.18)*** | 71.17 (67.59–74.74) | 7.95 (4.56–11.34)*** | −3.85 (−9.14 to 1.44) | |||
| Week 8 | 76.62 (73.36–79.87) | 15.50 (12.09–18.91)*** | 76.30 (73.16–79.44) | 13.09 (9.44–16.74)*** | 0.32 (−4.27 to 4.91) | 0.134 | <0.001 | 0.205 |
| Week 12 | 80.08 (77.44–82.72) | 18.96 (15.57–22.35)*** | 80.76 (78.02–83.50) | 17.55 (13.79–21.31)*** | −0.68 (−4.48 to 3.12) | |||
| Week 16 | 82.90 (80.69–85.12) | 21.79 (18.38–25.20)*** | 82.80 (80.30–85.31) | 19.59 (16.12–23.06)*** | 0.10 (−3.25 to 3.45) | |||
| External rotation ROM, degree | ||||||||
| Baseline | 58.13 (52.88–63.39) | NA | 55.88 (50.72–61.05) | NA | NA | |||
| Week 4 | 65.52 (61.10–69.93) | 7.39 (4.31–10.47)*** | 64.71 (59.80–69.63) | 8.83 (4.97–12.69)*** | 0.80 (−5.79 to 7.39) | |||
| Week 8 | 71.37 (67.24–75.50) | 13.24 (9.30–17.18)*** | 72.28 (67.42–77.13) | 16.39 (12.78–20.00)*** | −0.90 (−7.27 to 5.47) | 0.183 | <0.001 | 0.880 |
| Week 12 | 75.63 (72.06–79.21) | 17.50 (13.50–21.50)*** | 76.30 (72.18–80.43) | 20.42 (17.09–23.75)*** | −0.67 (−6.10 to 4.76) | |||
| Week 16 | 79.52 (76.28–82.77) | 21.39 (17.14–25.64)*** | 80.41 (76.57–84.25) | 24.53 (20.98–28.08)*** | −0.89 (−5.91 to 4.13) | |||
| Back scratch test score, cm | ||||||||
| Baseline | 0.72 (−1.62 to 3.05) | NA | 2.37 (0.74–3.99) | NA | NA | |||
| Week 4 | 1.52 (−0.74 to 3.78) | 0.80 (−0.32 to 1.92) | 2.79 (1.22–4.35) | 0.42 (−0.46 to 1.30) | −1.27 (−4.01 to 1.47) | |||
| Week 8 | 2.21 (0.12–4.30) | 1.50 (0.36–2.64)** | 3.34 (1.72–4.96) | 0.98 (−0.12 to 2.08) | −1.13 (−3.78 to 1.52) | 0.314 | <0.001 | 0.525 |
| Week 12 | 3.01 (1.04–4.99) | 2.30 (1.07–3.54)*** | 4.24 (2.76–5.71) | 1.87 (0.77–2.97)*** | −1.22 (−3.67 to 1.23) | |||
| Week 16 | 3.91 (1.86–5.95) | 3.19 (1.97–4.41)*** | 4.64 (3.18–6.09) | 2.27 (1.19–3.35)*** | −0.74 (−3.25 to 1.77) | |||
| Flexion strength, kg | ||||||||
| Baseline | 9.45 (7.81–11.10) | NA | 8.76 (7.05–10.48) | NA | NA | |||
| Week 4 | 11.46 (9.58–13.33) | 2.01 (1.38–2.64)*** | 10.76 (9.01–12.51) | 2.00 (1.24–2.76)*** | 0.70 (−1.87 to 3.27) | |||
| Week 8 | 12.38 (10.54–14.22) | 2.93 (2.11–3.75)*** | 12.07 (10.26–13.89) | 3.31 (2.29–4.33)*** | 0.31 (−2.28 to 2.90) | 0.249 | <0.001 | 0.691 |
| Week 12 | 12.79 (10.99–14.60) | 3.34 (2.50–4.18)*** | 12.59 (10.90–14.28) | 3.82 (2.78–4.86)*** | 0.21 (−2.26 to 2.68) | |||
| Week 16 | 13.99 (12.21–15.77) | 4.54 (3.70–5.38)*** | 14.04 (12.25–15.83) | 5.28 (4.10–6.46)*** | −0.05 (−2.56 to 2.46) | |||
| Abduction strength, kg | ||||||||
| Baseline | 8.95 (7.55–10.35) | NA | 8.01 (6.44–9.59) | NA | NA | |||
| Week 4 | 10.68 (9.08–12.29) | 1.73 (1.13–2.35)*** | 10.10 (8.48–11.71) | 2.09 (1.37–2.79)*** | 0.58 (−1.68 to 2.86) | |||
| Week 8 | 11.59 (10.01–13.18) | 2.65 (1.85–3.39)*** | 11.35 (9.79–12.91) | 3.34 (2.33–4.37)*** | 0.24 (−2.01 to 2.41) | 0.041 | <0.001 | 0.837 |
| Week 12 | 11.91 (10.34–13.47) | 2.96 (2.10–3.74)*** | 12.08 (10.56–13.60) | 4.07 (2.96–5.08)*** | −0.18 (−2.36 to 2.04) | |||
| Week 16 | 12.92 (11.36–14.49) | 3.97 (3.21–4.69)*** | 13.25 (11.67–14.82) | 5.23 (4.10–6.30)*** | −0.32 (−2.52 to 1.90) | |||
| Internal rotation strength, kg | ||||||||
| Baseline | 7.03 (6.05–8.01) | NA | 6.46 (5.58–7.34) | NA | NA | |||
| Week 4 | 8.38 (7.28–9.48) | 1.35 (0.84–1.86)*** | 7.88 (6.98–8.78) | 1.42 (0.93–1.91)*** | 0.50 (−0.91 to 1.91) | |||
| Week 8 | 9.35 (8.24–10.47) | 2.32 (1.71–2.93)*** | 8.86 (7.85–9.87) | 2.40 (1.87–2.93)*** | 0.49 (−1.02 to 2.00) | 0.519 | <0.001 | 0.857 |
| Week 12 | 10.09 (9.00–11.17) | 3.06 (2.49–3.63)*** | 9.69 (8.68–10.70) | 3.23 (2.70–3.76)*** | 0.40 (−1.07 to 1.87) | |||
| Week 16 | 10.80 (9.67–11.93) | 3.77 (3.18–4.36)*** | 10.52 (9.44–11.60) | 4.06 (3.37–4.75)*** | 0.28 (−1.29 to 1.85) | |||
| External rotation strength, kg | ||||||||
| Baseline | 6.44 (5.54–7.34) | NA | 6.19 (5.28–7.09) | NA | NA | |||
| Week 4 | 7.24 (6.27–8.21) | 0.80 (0.39–1.21)*** | 6.84 (5.95–7.74) | 0.66 (0.15–1.17)* | 0.40 (−0.91 to 1.71) | |||
| Week 8 | 8.20 (7.17–9.22) | 1.75 (1.20–2.30)*** | 8.23 (7.20–9.26) | 2.05 (1.50–2.60)*** | −0.04 (−1.49 to 1.41) | 0.420 | <0.001 | 0.767 |
| Week 12 | 9.18 (8.16–10.20) | 2.74 (2.15–3.33)*** | 9.18 (8.10–10.26) | 2.99 (2.44–3.54)*** | 0.01 (−1.48 to 1.50) | |||
| Week 16 | 10.12 (9.10–11.15) | 3.68 (3.11–4.25)*** | 10.10 (8.97–11.24) | 3.92 (3.21–4.63)*** | 0.02 (−1.51 to 1.55) | |||
| EQ-5D-5L index score (range, −0.86 to 1.0) | ||||||||
| Baseline | 0.82 (0.79–0.86) | NA | 0.83 (0.80–0.86) | NA | NA | |||
| Week 4 | 0.84 (0.81–0.87) | 0.02 (−0.02 to 0.06) | 0.82 (0.79–0.85) | −0.01 (−0.05 to 0.03) | 0.02 (−0.02 to 0.06) | |||
| Week 8 | 0.86 (0.83–0.89) | 0.04 (0.00–0.08)* | 0.88 (0.85–0.90) | 0.05 (0.01–0.09)* | −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.02) | 0.536 | <0.001 | 0.686 |
| Week 12 | 0.88 (0.86–0.91) | 0.06 (0.02–0.10)** | 0.90 (0.87–0.92) | 0.07 (0.03–0.11)*** | −0.01 (−0.05 to 0.03) | |||
| Week 16 | 0.90 (0.87–0.93) | 0.08 (0.04–0.12)*** | 0.90 (0.88–0.93) | 0.08 (0.04–0.12)*** | 0.00 (−0.04 to 0.04) | |||
| EQ-5D-5L VAS score (range, 0 to 100) | ||||||||
| Baseline | 75.25 (72.13–78.36) | NA | 78.10 (75.28–80.92) | NA | NA | |||
| Week 4 | 77.80 (74.77–80.84) | 2.56 (−0.14 to 5.26) | 79.55 (76.88–82.23) | 1.46 (−1.09 to 4.01) | −1.75 (−5.89 to 2.39) | |||
| Week 8 | 80.90 (77.84–83.96) | 5.66 (2.23–9.09)** | 80.29 (77.52–83.06) | 2.19 (−0.22 to 4.60) | 0.61 (−3.56 to 4.78) | 0.035 | 0.001 | 0.338 |
| Week 12 | 81.69 (78.78–84.61) | 6.45 (3.37–9.53)*** | 82.33 (79.57–85.08) | 4.23 (1.13–7.33)** | −0.63 (−4.59 to 3.33) | |||
| Week 16 | 84.01 (81.45–86.58) | 8.77 (5.85–11.69)*** | 82.33 (79.42–85.25) | 4.24 (1.12–7.36)** | 1.68 (−2.22 to 5.58) | |||
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CE, conventional exercise; CI, confidence interval; EQ-5D-5L, EuroQol–5 Dimension–5 Level; NA, not applicable; NRS, numeric rating scale; ROM, range of motion; SPADI, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index; VAS, visual analogue scale; YJB, Yi Jin Bang.
A higher score indicates a better state for all measures except for NRS and SPADI.
Mean differences between groups were adjusted for the baseline measurement.
*Significant within-group change from baseline (p < 0.05).
** Significant within-group change from baseline (p < 0.01).
***Significant within-group change from baseline (p < 0.001).