. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 May 1.

Published in final edited form as: Dev Psychol. 2025 Jan 16;61(5):912–927. doi: 10.1037/dev0001903

Table 3.

Multiple Regressions Predicting Mortality Risk and Epigenetic Age Acceleration from Perceived Pubertal Timing and Covariates.

Variable	Mortality Risk (T2)	GrimAge (T2)	DunedinPACE (T2)	PhenoAge (T2)
	β (p)	β (p)	β (p)	β (p)
Step 1	R² = 0.27	R² = 0.26	R² = 0.20	R² = 0.09
Perceived Early PT (T1)	0.10 (.049)	0.10 (.060)	0.04 (.465)	0.04 (.528)
Family Income (T1)	0.05 (.356)	−0.03 (.626)	−0.04 (.487)	0.11 (.086)
Smoking (T2)	0.41 (< .001)	0.41 (< .001)	0.18 (< .001)	0.12 (.034)
BMI (T2)	−0.17 (.001)	−0.05 (.283)	0.26 (< .001)	0.20 (< .001)
Female	−0.07 (.161)	−0.06 (.211)	0.22 (< .001)	0.16 (.004)
Racial/Ethnic Minority	0.18 (< .001)	0.21 (< .001)	0.17 (.001)	−0.04 (.437)
Early Life Stress	0.00 (.970)	0.00 (.990)	−0.05 (.382)	0.04 (.501)
Parenthood (T2)	0.05 (.308)	0.06 (.234)	0.07 (.176)	0.05 (.327)
Step 2a	ΔR² < 0.01	ΔR² < 0.01	ΔR² < 0.01	ΔR² < 0.01
Perceived Early PT X Female	−0.08 (.291)	0.01 (.924)	−0.06 (.433)	0.06 (.494)
Step 2b	ΔR² < 0.01	ΔR² < 0.01	ΔR² < 0.01	ΔR² = 0.03
Perceived off-time PT	−0.04 (.421)	0.04 (.391)	0.04 (.407)	−0.17 (.002)
Step 3ab	ΔR² < 0.01	ΔR² < 0.01	ΔR² < 0.01	ΔR² < 0.01
Perceived off-time PT X Female	−0.04 (.683)	−0.08 (.371)	−0.04 (.701)	−0.02 (.851)

Note: Mortality risk and epigenetic age variables are adjusted for chronological age. Standardized coefficients are shown. PT – Pubertal Timing, T1 – Time 1, T2 – Time 2. Significant effects (α = .05) in bold font.