TABLE 3.
Multilevel mixed effect logistic regression analysis of individual and community-level factors associated with modern contraceptive use among married and non-pregnant women of reproductive age in Ethiopia, 2000, 2005, 2011, 2016 and 2019.
| Characteristics fixed effect | 2000 Model IV AOR (95%CI) | 2005 Model IV AOR (95%CI) | 2011 Model IV AOR (95%CI) | 2016 Model IV AOR (95%CI) | 2019 Model IV AOR (95%CI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age Category | ||||||||||
| 15–24 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| 25–34 | 1.3 | (1.0,1.7) | 0.9 | (0.7,1.1) | 0.8 | (0.7,0.9)*** | 0.8 | (0.7,1.0)* | 0.7 | (0.6,0.9)** |
| 35–49 | 0.6 | (0.4,0.9)* | 0.5 | (0.4,0.6)*** | 0.3 | (0.3,0.4)*** | 0.4 | (0.4,0.5)*** | 0.3 | (0.3,0.4)*** |
| Women’s education level | ||||||||||
| No education | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Primary | 1.9 | (1.4,2.5)*** | 1.4 | (1.2,1.7)*** | 1.2 | (1.1,1.4)** | 1.1 | (1.0,1.3)* | 1.7 | (1.5,2.0)*** |
| Secondary | 2.5 | (1.7,3.6)*** | 1.7 | (1.2,2.3)** | 1.6 | (1.2,2.3)** | 1.6 | (1.2,2.0)*** | 2.1 | (1.6,2.8)*** |
| Higher | 5.6 | (2.5,12.3)*** | 1.1 | (0.6,2.1) | 1.7 | (1.2,2.5)** | 1.2 | (0.9,1.6) | 3.3 | (2.2,5.0)*** |
| Religion | ||||||||||
| Orthodox | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Protestant | 0.7 | (0.5,1.0)* | 0.8 | (0.6,1.0)* | 1.1 | (0.9,1.3) | 1.1 | (0.9,1.3) | 0.9 | (0.8,1.2) |
| Muslim | 1.5 | (1.1,2.1)* | 0.7 | (0.5,0.9)* | 0.9 | (0.8,1.2) | 0.6 | (0.5,0.8)*** | 1.1 | (0.8,1.5) |
| Other religion | 1.1 | (0.6,2.0) | 0.6 | (0.4,1.0)* | 0.7 | (0.5,1.1) | 0.6 | (0.4,0.9)** | 1.3 | (0.8,2.1) |
| Wealth Status | ||||||||||
| Poor | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Middle | 1.2 | (0.9,1.5) | 1.7 | (1.4,2.2)*** | 1.2 | (1.0,1.4)* | 1.2 | (1.1,1.4)** | 1.4 | (1.1,1.6)** |
| Rich | 1.5 | (1.2,1.9)*** | 2.0 | (1.6,2.5)*** | 1.6 | (1.3,1.8)*** | 1.2 | (1.1,1.4)** | 1.2 | (1.0,1.4). |
| Total number of children | ||||||||||
| None(no child) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| 1–4 | 3.0 | (1.9,4.8)*** | 4.7 | (3.2,6.8)*** | 3.6 | (2.8,4.5)*** | 2.5 | (2.0,3.1)*** | 5.3 | (4.0,6.9)*** |
| 5–8 | 6.1 | (3.6,10.3)*** | 7.0 | (4.6,10.6)*** | 3.9 | (3.0,5.2)*** | 2.2 | (1.7,2.8)*** | 4.8 | (3.5,6.5)*** |
| >=9 | 6.5 | (2.9,14.8)*** | 10.6 | (6.2,18.0)*** | 4.4 | (2.9,6.7)*** | 1.0 | (0.7,1.6) | 4.2 | (2.6,6.9)*** |
| Experience of terminated pregnancy | ||||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 0.9 | (0.7,1.2) | 1.0 | (0.8,1.3) | 0.6 | (0.5,0.8)*** | 0.6 | (0.5,0.7)*** | 0.9 | (0.8,1.0) |
| Birth in the past 3 years category | ||||||||||
| No birth | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| one child | 0.5 | (0.4,0.7)*** | 0.5 | (0.4,0.5)*** | 0.5 | (0.4,0.6)*** | 0.6 | (0.5,0.7)*** | 0.6 | (0.4,0.8)** |
| >=2 children | 0.4 | (0.2,0.6)*** | 0.3 | (0.2,0.4)*** | 0.3 | (0.3,0.4)*** | ||||
| Heard FP message via media | ||||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 1.4 | (1.1,1.8)* | 1.2 | (1.0,1.4). | 1.1 | (1.0,1.3)* | 1.0 | (0.9,1.1) | NA | |
| Visited health facility in the last 12 months | ||||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 3.0 | (2.4,3.8)*** | 2.4 | (2.1,2.7)*** | 1.6 | (1.5,1.8)*** | 1.4 | (1.2,1.5)*** | NA | |
| Characteristics fixed effect | 2000 Model IV AOR (95%CI) |
2005 Model IV AOR (95%CI) | 2011 Model IV AOR (95%CI) | 2016 Model IV AOR (95%CI) | 2019 Model IV AOR (95%CI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Husbands desire for children | ||||||||||
| Both want same | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | |||||
| Husband wants more | 0.8 | (0.6,1.0). | 0.8 | (0.6,1.0)* | 0.6 | (0.5,0.7)*** | 0.7 | (0.7,0.8)*** | NA | |
| Husband wants fewer | 0.7 | (0.5,1.0). | 1.1 | (0.8,1.5) | 0.8 | (0.7,1.0)* | 0.9 | (0.7,1.0). | NA | |
| Don’t Know | 0.5 | (0.4,0.7)*** | 0.6 | (0.5,0.7)*** | 0.4 | (0.4,0.5)*** | 0.7 | (0.7,0.8)*** | NA | |
| Partner’s Education | ||||||||||
| No education | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | |||||
| Primary | 1.3 | (1.0,1.7). | 1.5 | (1.3,1.8)*** | 1.1 | (1.0,1.2) | 1.2 | (1.1,1.4)** | NA | |
| Secondary | 1.3 | (0.9,1.8) | 1.5 | (1.2,1.9)*** | 0.9 | (0.7,1.2) | 1.1 | (0.9,1.3) | NA | |
| Higher | 1.8 | (1.1,2.9)* | 1.6 | (1.0,2.6)* | 0.9 | (0.6,1.2) | 1.0 | (0.8,1.3) | NA | |
| Don’t know | 0.0 | (0.0,Inf) | 0.0 | (0.0,Inf) | 2.3 | (1.3,4.3)** | 0.8 | (0.5,1.4) | NA | |
| Women work status | ||||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | |||||
| Yes | 1.2 | (0.9,1.4) | 1.3 | (1.1,1.6)*** | 1.3 | (1.2,1.5)*** | 1.1 | (1.0,1.2). | NA | |
| Region | ||||||||||
| Tigray | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Afar | 1.7 | (0.7,3.8) | 0.5 | (0.2,1.3) | 0.8 | (0.4,1.7) | 0.5 | (0.2,1.0)* | 0.5 | (0.0,1.3E+24) |
| Amhara | 1.5 | (1.0,2.2). | 1.0 | (0.8,1.4) | 2.6 | (2.1,3.4)*** | 2.0 | (1.6,2.5)*** | 2.3 | (1.7,3.0)*** |
| Oromia | 0.6 | (0.4,0.9)* | 0.8 | (0.6,1.1) | 1.6 | (1.2,2.0)*** | 1.1 | (0.8,1.3) | 1.8 | (1.3,2.4)*** |
| Somali | 0.0 | (0.0,3.3) | 0.3 | (0.2,0.7)** | 0.2 | (0.1,0.5)*** | 0.1 | (0.0,0.2)*** | 0.2 | (0.1,0.4)*** |
| Ben-Gumz | 1.7 | (0.7,3.7) | 0.2 | (0.0,0.6)** | 1.7 | (1.0,2.8). | 0.9 | (0.6,1.5) | 1.4 | (0.0,1.6E+12) |
| SNNPR | 0.9 | (0.6,1.4) | 0.8 | (0.5,1.1) | 1.4 | (1.1,1.9)* | 1.4 | (1.1,1.8)** | 1.8 | (1.3,2.5)*** |
| Gambela | 1.2 | (0.3,4.8) | 1.4 | (0.4,4.4) | 1.5 | (0.6,3.5) | 0.8 | (0.3,2.2) | 0.6 | (0.0,1.8E+31) |
| Harari | 1.3 | (0.3,5.0) | 0.6 | (0.2,2.1) | 1.5 | (0.5,4.0) | 1.2 | (0.4,4.0) | 1.0 | (0.0,1.0E+63) |
| Addis Ababa | 1.1 | (0.6,1.8) | 0.7 | (0.4,1.1) | 2.3 | (1.6,3.3)*** | 1.2 | (0.8,1.6) | 1.0 | (0.6,1.6) |
| Dire Dawa | 1.4 | (0.5,3.8) | 3.2 | (1.3,7.8)* | 1.2 | (0.5,3.2) | 0.9 | (0.5,1.9) | 2.4 | (0.0,5.1E+25) |
| Place of residence | ||||||||||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Rural | 0.1 | (0.1,0.2)*** | 0.8 | (0.6,1.1) | 0.8 | (0.7,1.0)* | 0.9 | (0.7,1.1) | 0.8 | (0.7,1.0)* |
| Community level work | ||||||||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | |||||
| High | 1.5 | (1.2,1.9)** | 1.1 | (0.9,1.3) | 1.2 | (1.0,1.4)* | 1.2 | (1.1,1.4)** | NA | NA |
| Community level wealth | ||||||||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| High | 6.3E+06 | (0.0,Inf) | 1.3 | (1.1,1.6)** | 1.3 | (1.2,1.5)*** | 1.4 | (1.2,1.5)*** | 1.1 | (0.9,1.3) |
| Community level media access (FP) | ||||||||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | |||||
| High | 0.8 | (0.6,1.1) | 1.7 | (1.3,2.1)*** | 1.3 | (1.1,1.6)** | 0.9 | (0.7,1.2) | NA | |
| Community level religion composition | ||||||||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| High | 1.2 | (0.8,1.8) | 0.8 | (0.6,1.1) | 1.2 | (1.0,1.5). | 1.1 | (0.9,1.3) | 2.3 | (1.7,3.1)*** |
Note: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; FP, family planning; SNNPR, southern nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region. Signif. codes: <0.001 = ***, 0.001 = **, 0.05 = *, 0.05 = .; Other religion: Catholic, traditional religions, and other unspecified religions.