Table 2.

The potential targets of various vitamins in pulmonary fibrosis.

Vitamins	Potential targets
Vitamin A	TGF-β/IL-6/IL-6R; PKC-δ/NF-κB; p38MAPK/NF-κB
Vitamin B
Niacin	Calcium/PLA2; IκBα/NF-κB/(IL-1a, IL-6, TNF-α and TGF-β); iNOS
Folic acid	SLC25A32/MTHFD2; mitochondrial ROS
Vitamin C	Nrf2/Nox4; TGF-β1/Smad3; P53; caspase-3; Bax/Bcl-2; IL-17
Vitamin D	TNF-α/TF; TFPI; IL-3; IL-17; IL-1; IL-6; IL-8; TNF-α; IL-10; TGF-β/Smad
Vitamin E	TGF-β1; ROS; IL-6; IL-33; Ccl5; TNF-α; α-tocopherol
Vitamin K	MGP; GAS6; protein S;