TABLE 3.
Lists of TCM compounds with potential anti-diabetes and its cardiovascular complications action.
| TCM compounds | Composition | Diseases | Model | Optimal dose | Duration of treatment | Effects | Potential mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gegen Qinlian decoction | Coptis Salisb, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge, Panax quinquefolius L.,Paeonia lactiflora Pall., and Zingiber officinale Roscoe | T2DM | GK rats and Wistar rats | 22 g/kg | 12 weeks | Lowered glucose | ①② | Xu et al. (2020) |
| Baihu Renshen decoction | Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge, Gypsum, Glycyrrhiza Tourn. ex L., Oryza sativa subsp. japonica Shig.Kato, and Panax ginseng C.A.Mey | T2DM | T2DM | One dose per time, two times per day | 4 weeks | Decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibited the oxidative stress, altered the diversity of gut microbiotra | ①② | Yao et al. (2022) |
| Shen-Qi Compound Formula | Panax ginseng C.A. Mey., Astragalus membranaceus Fisch. ex Bunge Fisch. ex Bunge Fisch. ex Bunge Fisch. ex Bunge, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Rheum palmatum L., Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim., Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Libosch. ex DC., and Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc. | T2DM | Wistar rats | 1.44 g/kg | 8 weeks | Reduced the blood glucose fluctuations, decreased the level of serum LPS, increased the concentrations of SIgA and ZO-1 in intestinal tissue, inhibited the intestinal inflammatory injury and reduce the tissue damage index (TDI)scores | ①② | Zhang et al. (2024a) |
| Jinlida granules | Panax ginseng C.A. Mey., Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce, Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC.,Sophora flavescens Aiton, Liriope Herb., Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Libosch. ex DC., Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., Cornus officinalis Siebold & Zucc., Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf, Eupatorium fortunei Turcz., Coptis chinensis Franch., Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge, Epimedium Tourn. ex L., Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Pueraria thomsonii Benth., Litchi chinensis Sonn., Lycium chinense Mill. | T2DM | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Antidiabetes | ①③⑥ | Gu et al. (2024) |
| Danggui Sini San | Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, Cinnamomum cassia Presl, Paeonia lactiflora Pall., Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz., Bupleurum chinense DC., Citrus aurantium L., Tetrapanax papyrifer (Hook.) K. Koch, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, Astragalus membranaceus Fisch. ex Bunge, and Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi | T2DM | Patients | Take 400 mL twice a day orally | 3 months | Lowered blood sugar and protected cardiovascular function | ①③ | Wu (2024) |
| Fufang Zhenzhu Tiaozhi capsule |
Coptis chinensis Franch., Ligustrum lucidum W.T.Aiton, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Cirsium japonicum Fisch. ex DC., Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis (Hoola van Nooten) Swingle, Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen, and Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz |
DM-related coronary heart disease | Chinese Wuzhishan minipigs | 1.2 g/kg | 22 weeks | Ameliorated coronary atherosclerosis in diabetes mellitus-related coronary heart disease | ①③⑥ | Wang et al. (2022b) |
| HUVECs | 5, 20, 50 μg/mL | 24 h or 48 h | ||||||
| Gelan Xiaoke Pills | Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim., Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Libosch. ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey., Dioscorea opposita Thunb., Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., Ophiopogon japonicus (L.f.) Ker Gawl., Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge | T2DM Complicated with Cardiovascular Diseases | Patients | one bag per time, three bags 1 day | Not mentioned | Alleviated insulin resistance | ①④ | (Wang) |
| Coptis root and ginseng formula | Coptis chinensis Franch., Panax ginseng C.A. Mey., Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis, Phellodendron amurense Rupr., Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC | T2DM | patients | 11 g/d | 3 months | Regulated blood sugar and gut microbiota | ② | Jiang et al. (2022a) |
| Tang-ping-san | Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge, Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim., Dioscorea opposita Thunb., Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., Ophiopogon japonicus (L.f.) Ker Gawl., Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Libosch. ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey. | T2DM | C57/BL6 mice | Not mentioned | 28 days | Reduced the risk of hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, pathological organ changes, and inffammatory reactions | ② | Yin et al. (2022) |
| Qijian mixture | Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf., Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz., Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC., Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, Paeonia lactiflora Pall. | T2DM | KKay mice and C57/BL6 mice | 1.795, 5.385 g/kg/d | 8 weeks | Antidiabetic effects | ② | Gao et al. (2018) |
| Jiang Tang San Huang pill | Coptis chinensis Franch., Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim., Dioscorea opposita Thunb., Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., Ophiopogon japonicus (L.f.) Ker Gawl., Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Libosch. ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey. | T2DM | SD rats | 0.27, 0.54, 1.08 g/kg | 4 weeks | Ameliorated hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance, hyperlipidaemia, and pathological changes in the pancreas, liver, kidney and intestine and reduced the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines | ② | Tawulie et al. (2023) |
| Buyang Huanwu decoction | Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, Paeonia lactiflora Pall., Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort., Carthamus tinctorius L., Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, Pheretima aspergillum (E. Perrier) | Co-morbid T2DM and obesity | Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats and Zucker lean control (ZLC) rats | 0.783 g/kg/d | 7 weeks | Decreased the abnormally high blood glucose of high-fat diet-induced T2DM |
②⑤ | Liu et al. (2022a) |
| “maccog” traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) tea | Morus alba L., Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, Zea mays L., Lycium chinense Mill., Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino, Ophiopogon japonicus (L.f.) Ker Gawl. | T2DM | patients | 1,000– 1,500 mL every day, 6–7 days a week |
12 weeks | Improved glucolipid metabolism and significantly increased the abundance of beneficial gut microbiota | ②⑤ | Hu et al. (2023) |
| Huoxue Jiangtang Decoction | Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Libosch. ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey., Carthamus tinctorius L., Ophiopogon japonicus (L.f.) Ker Gawl., Rheum palmatum L., Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, Dioscorea opposita Thunb., Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.) Pax ex Pax & Hoffm. | T2DM | SD rats | 15.86 g/kg/day | 8 weeks | Improved the metabolism of glycolipid and the function of β-cell | ②⑤ | Huang et al. (2022a) |
| Bupiwei Xieyinhuo Shengyang Decoction | Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf., Bupleurum chinense DC., Actaea cimicifuga L., Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC., Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H.T. Chang, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Gypsum Fibrosum, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC. | T2DM | Hartley guinea pig | 7.74 mL/kg/d | 6 weeks | Reduced the risk of macroangiopathy | ② | Li et al. (2024) |
| Bupleurum chinense DC. Guizhi Ganjiang decoction | Lonicera japonica Thunb., Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Ostreidae, Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim., Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J. Presl, Zingiber officinale (Willd.) Roscoe, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC. | T2DM | Wistar rats | 11.24 g/kg twice 1 day | 8 weeks | Improved FBG and HbA1c | ② | Yue and Jin (2022) |
| Fufang Zhenzhu Tiaozhi capsule | Coptis chinensis Franch., Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen, Ligustrum lucidum W.T. Aiton, Cirsium japonicum Fisch. ex DC., Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis (Hoola van Nooten) Swingle, Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. | Diabetes-accelerated atheroscleros | ApoE−/− mice | 1.2, 2.4 g/kg | 12 weeks | Improved glucolipid metabolic disorders, hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering effects and protection of vascular endothelial cell | ③ | Zhang et al. (2023) |
| Shengmai San | Panax ginseng C.A. Mey., Ophiopogon japonicus (L.f.) Ker Gawl., Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. | Diabetic cardiomyopathy | SD rats | 5 mL/kg | 10 weeks | Reduced myocardial injury | ④ | Li (2022a) |
| Sanggua drink (SGD) | Morus alba L., Momordica charantia L., Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, Dioscorea opposita Thunb. | T2DM | SD rats | 1,240 mg/kg b.w | 42 days | Increased hepatic glycogen Production and a hypoglycemic effect |
⑤ | Cai et al. (2018) |
| Danhong injection | Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Carthamus tinctorius L. | Coronary heart disease angina pectoris and DM | patients | 40 mL/d | 6 months | Improved patient’s cardiac function and control angina attacks | ④⑤ | Li (2022b) |
| Tianhuang formula (THF) | Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen ex C.Y. Wu & K.M. Feng, Coptis chinensis Franch. | T2DM | Male C57BL/6 J Narl mice |
60, 120 mg/kg/day | 6 weeks | Regulated adipocyte mitochondrial function | ⑤⑥ | Luo et al. (2023) |
| Jinlida granules | Panax ginseng C.A. Mey., Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce, Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC., Sophora flavescens Aiton, Liriope Herb., Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Libosch. ex DC., Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., Cornus officinalis Siebold & Zucc., Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf, Eupatorium fortunei Turcz., Coptis chinensis Franch., Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge, Epimedium Tourn. ex L., Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Pueraria thomsonii Benth., Litchi chinensis Sonn., Lycium chinense Mill. | Diabetic cardiomyopathy | db/db mouse | 1.75, 3.5 g/kg/d | 8 weeks | Alleviated cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial inflammation, and decreased the expression of cardiac hypertrophy- and inflammation-related factors | ⑥ | Fang et al. (2024) |
| AC16, H9C2 and HEK293 cells | 50, 100, 200 μg/mL | Not mentioned | ||||||
| Si wei jiang huang tang san | Curcuma longa L., Phellodendron chinense Schneid., Tribulus terrestris L., Phyllanthus emblica L. | T1DM | HepG2 cells | 100, 200 μg/mL | 24 h | Promoted glucose consumption | ⑥ | Xu et al. (2024) |
| Male C57BL/6 N mice | 61.25, 122.5, 225 mg/kg/d | 7 days | ||||||
| Simiao wan | Phellodendron amurense Rupr., Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC., Achyranthes bidentata Blume, Coix lacryma-jobi L. | T2DM | Male C57BL/6 J | 1.2 g/kg/d | 8 weeks | Improved glucose tolerance, serum insulin, HDL-C, hepatocyte morphology, and liver glycogen synthesis |
⑥ | Xia et al. (2022) |
| Cortex mori-polygonatum odoratum tablets | Morus L. extract, Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce extract, Hippophae rhamnoides L. extract, Curcuma longa L. extract, Chromium rich yeast | T2DM | Patients | twice a day, take two tablets each time | 2 months | Hypoglycemic effect | ⑦ | Chen (2022) |
| Banxiaxiexin decoction | Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Panax ginseng C.A. Mey., Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC., Coptis chinensis Franch., Ziziphus jujuba Mill. | T2DM cold-heat complicated syndrome | patients | 100 mL each morning and evening | 12 weeks | Hypoglycemic effect | ⑦ | Zhang et al. (2024b) |
| Liuwei Dihuang pills | Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Libosch. ex DC.,Cornus officinalis Siebold & Zucc., Dioscorea opposita Thunb., Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf.,Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juz., Paeonia × suffruticosa Andrews | T2DM qi-yin deficiency syndrome | patients | 6 g/time, 2 times/d | 1 month | Hypoglycemic effect | ⑦ | Zhu (2024) |
①Reducing inflammation and regulating immunity. ②Regulation of Intestinal flora. ③Inhibiting apoptosis and enhancing cell function of islet cells or cardiovascular cells. ④Antioxidant Stress. ⑤Improving glucose and lipid metabolism. ⑥Other mechanisms. ⑦Not mentioned.