TABLE 5.
Lists of TCM monomers with potential anti-diabetes and its cardiovascular complications action.
| Types of compounds | Compounds | Diseases | Model | Optimal dose | Duration of treatment | Effects | Potential mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alkaloid | Berberine | T2DM | GK rats and Wistar rats | 200 mg/kg | 12 weeks | Attenuated intestinal inflammation and lowered glucose | ①② | Xu et al. (2020) |
| T2DM | Patients | 300 mg | 12 weeks | Anti-diabetic | ① | Nematollahi et al. (2022) | ||
| Matrine | T2DM | Mouse intestinal secretory cell line (STC-1) | 0, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 mmol/L | 24, 48, 72 h | Lowered blood sugar | ⑤ | Gao et al. (2018) | |
| Diabetic cardiomyopathy | SD rats | 200 mg/kg/d | 10 days | Attenuated cardiac fibrosis | ④ | Liu et al. (2017) | ||
| Diabetic cardiomyopathy | SD rats | 5 mg/kg, once a day | 10 weeks | Decreased nonfasting blood glucose levels and improved hemodynamic parameters | ④ | Hou et al. (2013) | ||
| Saponins | Astragaloside IV(AS-IV) | T2DM | Kunming mice | 25, 50, 100 mg/kg, once daily | 10 weeks | Reversed the abnormalities in blood lipids, glucose, insulin resistance, as well as oxidative stress levels | ②④⑤ | Gong et al. (2021a) |
| T2DM | The mouse insulinoma Min6 cells | 0, 12.5, 25, 50 μmol/L | 26 h | Protected uric acid-induced pancreatic β-Cell dysfunction | ③⑥ | Li et al. (2024) | ||
| Diabetic cardiomyopathy | Wistar rats | 40 mg/kg/d | 12 weeks | Improve the cardiac function | ⑤ | Wu et al. (2023a) | ||
| Diabetic cardiomyopathy | C57BL/6 J mice | 3, 6, 12 mg/kg | 8 weeks | Inhibited endothelial dysfunction | ④ | Zhang et al. (2021) | ||
| The fruits of Sophora flavescens Aiton (GFS) | Diabetic cardiomyopathy | Wistar rats | 40, 80 mg/kg | 12 weeks | Enhanced the secretion index of pancreatic beta cells and improved lipid metabolism disorders | ①④ | Sun (2020) | |
| Anemoside B4 | T2DM | SD rats | 2.5, 5 mL/kg | 2 weeks | Improved hyperglycemia | ⑤ | Gong et al. (2023) | |
| T2DM | Male SD rats | 5 mL/kg, twice 1 day | 2 weeks | Improved hyperglycemia | ⑤⑥ | Gong (2023a) | ||
| Polysaccharides | Dendrobium officinale Kimura and Migo polysaccharide | T2DM | Male C57BL/6 mice | 100, 200, 400 mg/kg | 4 weeks | Relieved symptoms of high blood sugar | ⑤ | Liu (2019) |
| Lycium barbarum Mill. polysaccharide | T2DM | C57BL/6 mice | 50, 100, 200 mg/kg | 6 weeks | Reduced blood glucose levels and improved insulin sensitivity | ② | Ma et al. (2022) | |
| Polygonatum sibiricum Redouté polysaccharide (PP) | T2DM | db/db mice | 1.0 g/kg | 6 weeks | Hypoglycemic effect | ②④⑤ | Sun et al. (2019) | |
| Apurified RG polysaccharide (RGP) extracted from Rehmannia Libosch. ex Fisch. and C.A.Mey | T1DM | Kunming mice | 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg | 4 weeks | Anti-diabetic properties | ⑤ | Zhou et al. (2015) | |
| Coix lacryma L. polysaccharides | T2DM | C57BL/6J mice | 175, 350 mg/kg | 4 weeks | Hypoglycemic effect | ② | Xia et al. (2021) | |
| Polygonatum sibiricum Redouté polysaccharide (APS) | Diabetic cardiomyopathy | SD rats | 1 g/kg/d | 16 weeks | Inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis | ④ | Chen et al. (2023) | |
| (Iso)Flavonoids | Mangiferin | Diabetic cardiomyopathy | SD rats | 20 mg/kg | 16 weeks | Mitigated diabetic cardiomyopathy | ⑥ | Hou et al. (2013) |
| Diabetic cardiomyopathy | SD rats | 20 mg/kg | 16 weeks | Ameliorated hyperglycemia, lowered left ventricular systolic pressure, and reduced apoptosis rate | ①③④ | Jin and Arroo (2023) | ||
| Puerarin | Diabetes-associated cardiovascular disease | SD rats | 100, 150 mg/kg | 21 days | Exerted a protective effect on HUVECs and diabetic vasculopathy | ③④ | Wei et al. (2024) | |
| Myocardial injury in diabetes | SD rats | 20, 40 mg/kg | 5 weeks | Improved insulin resistance and myocardial injury | ①③④ | Kong et al. (2023) | ||
| Luteolin | Diabetic cardiomyopathy | SD rats | 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg | 5 weeks | Alleviated cardiac pathological changes such as cardiac remodeling, inflammation and oxidative stress, improved cardiac function | ①④ | Chen (2023) | |
| The flavonoid component (FC) of Agrimonia pilosa
Ledeb. (Rosaceae) |
Adipocytes IR | C57BL/6 mice | 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 mg/kg/d | 4 weeks | Improved glucose metabolism | ①④ | Guo et al. (2023) | |
| Naringenin | T1DM with myocardial injury | C57BL/6 | 25, 50, 75 mg/kg | 6 weeks | Reduced blood sugar and improved myocardial injury | ④ | Li et al. (2020b) | |
| Total flavonoids of Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack leaves (TFMP) | Diabetic cardiomyopathy | Wistar rats | 40, 80 mg/kg | 12 weeks | Enhanced the secretion index of pancreatic beta cells, improved lipid metabolism disorders | ①④ | Sun et al. (2020) | |
| Phenanthraquinone | Tanshinone IIA | Diabetic cardiomyopathy | SD rats | 2, 4 mg/kg | 6 weeks | Improved cardiac pathological changes | ③④ | Tao et al. (2019) |
| C57BL/6J mice | 10, 50 mg/kg/day | 2 months | Alleviated the pathological changes in the hearts of diabetic mice, ameliorated the cytopathological morphology of cardiomyocytes, reduced the cell death rate | ③④ | Wu et al. (2023a) | |||
| Tanshinone I | T2DM | SD rats | 30, 60, 120 mg/kg | 3 weeks | Reduced blood glucose levels, and an alleviated insulin resistance | ⑤ | Wu et al. (2023b) | |
| Phenolic compounds | Curcumin | T2DM | Kunming mice | 50 mg/kg | 4 weeks | Prevented the rise of blood sugar, reduced insulin resistance and improved insulin sensitivity, lowered the contents of TC and LDL-C, and increased the content of HDL-C; increased the activity of GSH-Px and reduced the contents of MDA, TNF-α and CRE | ①④⑤⑥ | Chen et al. (2022) |
| Diabetic Cardiomyopathies | New Zealand rabbits | 300 mg/kg/d | 3 months | Increased nuclear transfer of Nrf2 and the expression of Gpx4 and HO-1, reduced glucose induced myocardial cell damage, and reversed myocardial cell damage caused by the ferroptosis inducer erastin | ③④⑥ | Wei et al. (2022a) | ||
| Rat H9C2 cardiomyocytes | Not mentioned | 24 h | ||||||
| RPE, a polyphenol-enriched extract of Rosa rugosa Thunb. (Rosaceae) | T2DM | SD rats | 37.5, 75, 150 mg/kg bw | 4 weeks | Improved glycogen synthesis and blood glucose regulation | ⑤ | Liu et al. (2017) | |
| Resveratrol | Heart microvascular injury in diabetes | Primary rat CMECs | 2 μmol/L | 48 h | Attenuated diabetic cardiac microvascular injury | ④ | Cai (2024) | |
| Terpenoids | Diterpenoid components | IR hepatocytes | HepG2 | 50, 200 μMol/L | 24 h | Hypoglycemic activity | ③ | Sun (2020) |
| Euscaphic acid, Tormentic acid, Corosolic acid, Maslinic acid, Oleanolic acid, Ursolic acid | Not mentioned | Alpha glucosidase | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Inhibited alpha glucosidase activity | ⑤ | Chen et al. (2020b) | |
| Others | TPX,derived from the mangiferin derivative 1,3,6,7-tetrapropylene acyloxy ketone | IR hepatocytes | HepG2 and normal hepatocytes HL7702 cell | 8.75, 17.5, 35, 70, 140, 280 μM | 24 h | Restored the insulin signaling pathway, increased liver glycogen synthesis, and potentially protects insulin-resistant hepatocytes from glucose metabolism disorders | ⑤ | Fan et al. (2023) |
①Reduce inflammation and regulate the immune system. ②Regulate the intestinal flora. ③Inhibit the apoptosis or death of islet cells or cardiovascular cells, and enhance cell function. ④Affect cellular stress (endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress). ⑤Regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, and reduce insulin resistance. ⑥Other mechanisms (affecting the cellular microenvironment, ion channels, activating autophagy, and affecting signal pathways).