Fig. 3. The enhancement of the total vapor production due to the presence of carbon.

The total vapor production normalized by the projectile mass as a function of impact velocity for hydrous (A) and anhydrous (B) chondrite analogs. Vapor production from the Si–O target was not detected at impact velocities lower than 5.8 km s⁻¹. The atomic ratio of carbon to oxygen for the targets with carbon was 0.1 (See text). The error bars are come from the fitting errors in the calibration experiments (Supplementary Note S3 and Supplementary Fig. S4).