Table 2.
Association between smoking status and never voting (not having voted in the past and planning not to vote in the future) in the countries of the former Soviet Union (N = 15631).
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Smoking status | |||||
| Never smoker | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Former smoker | 0.99 (0.83–1.18) | 1.10 (0.91–1.33) | 1.10 (0.92–1.33) | 1.09 (0.90–1.32) | 0.99 (0.82–1.18) |
| Current smoker | 1.21 (1.08–1.35) ** | 1.28 (1.12–1.46)*** | 1.29 (1.13–1.47)*** | 1.26 (1.10–1.45)** | 1.29 (1.13–1.47)*** |
| Sex (Woman) | 1.10 (0.97–1.24) | 1.10 (0.98–1.25) | 1.12 (0.99–1.27) | 1.13 (1.00–1.28)* | |
| Age | |||||
| 18–34 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| 35–59 | 0.77 (0.68–0.88)*** | 0.78 (0.69–0.89)*** | 0.78 (0.69–0.89)*** | 0.85 (0.74–0.96)** | |
| ≥60 | 0.48 (0.39–0.58)*** | 0.48 (0.39–0.58)*** | 0.48 (0.39–0.58)*** | 0.53 (0.44–0.65)*** | |
| Education | |||||
| High | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Mid | 1.26 (1.11–1.42)*** | 1.25 (1.11–1.42)*** | 1.25 (1.11–1.42)*** | 1.39 (1.23–1.56)*** | |
| Low | 1.57 (1.31–1.89)*** | 1.55 (1.29–1.87)*** | 1.55 (1.29–1.87)*** | 1.46 (1.22–1.74)*** | |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married/cohabiting | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Never married | 1.26 (1.10–1.45)** | 1.25 (1.09–1.44)** | 1.25 (1.09–1.44)** | 1.32 (1.15–1.51)*** | |
| Divorced/widowed | 1.34 (1.15–1.55)*** | 1.33 (1.15–1.54)*** | 1.33 (1.15–1.54)*** | 1.25 (1.08–1.44)** | |
| Occupation | |||||
| Non-working | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Regular/irregular paid work | 0.75 (0.66–0.86)*** | 0.76 (0.67–0.86)*** | 0.76 (0.67–0.86)*** | 0.74 (0.65–0.84)*** | |
| Farmers/agricultural labourers | 0.54 (0.40–0.75)*** | 0.55 (0.40–0.75)*** | 0.55 (0.40–0.75)*** | 0.56 (0.41–0.76)*** | |
| Unemployed | 0.89 (0.75–1.06) | 0.90 (0.76–1.07) | 0.90 (0.76–1.07) | 0.91 (0.77–1.07) | |
| Household finances | |||||
| Good/very good | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Average | 1.02 (0.90–1.16) | 1.03 (0.91–1.17) | 1.03 (0.90–1.17) | 1.04 (0.92–1.18) | |
| Bad/very bad | 1.37 (1.16–1.61)*** | 1.36 (1.15–1.61)*** | 1.35 (1.14–1.60)*** | 1.24 (1.05–1.46)* | |
| Location (rural) | 0.74 (0.66–0.82)*** | 0.73 (0.66–0.82)*** | 0.73 (0.66–0.82)*** | 0.67 (0.60–0.75)*** | |
| Self-rated health | |||||
| Good/very good | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Fair | 0.92 (0.82–1.04) | 0.92 (0.81–1.03) | 0.84 (0.74–0.94)** | ||
| Poor/very poor | 1.05 (0.89–1.25) | 1.05 (0.89–1.25) | 0.91 (0.77–1.08) | ||
| Problem drinking | 1.11 (0.96–1.30) | 1.02 (0.88–1.19) | |||
| Political distrust | 1.05 (1.03–1.07)*** | ||||
OR, Odds ratio; CI, Confidence interval; Ref, Reference category.
*** p < .001, ** p < .01, * p < .05.
All models were adjusted for country. Sample size varied between 15,631 and 15,646.