. 2025 Apr 24;15:14232. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-95048-0

Table 3.

Performance comparison with state of the art methods.

Parameters	DRL²⁸	PPO²⁹	ADL³⁰	LLM³¹	Proposed
Accuracy	85.2	88.1	90.5	87.8	92.3
Precision	92.4	85.9	89.2	86.5	91.0
Recall	80.1	84.5	88.7	85.2	90.8
F1 score	81.2	85.2	89.0	85.8	90.8
Computational time	1200 ms	980 ms	850 ms	1100 ms	720 ms