Table 3.

A summary of urinary biomarkers in diagnosing major depressive disorder in adults

Study	Category	Comparison method	Cohort (M/F), age (yr)	Biomarkers	Medicationnaive	AUC	Sensitivity/specificity (%)
Wu et al. [46] (2015)	Metabolomics	DSM-IV, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale	HC=30 (15/15), Age: 31.0	Argininosuccinate synthase	Y	0.784	83.3/76.7
			MDD=30 (15/15), Age: 34.0
Wang et al. [45] (2014)	Proteomics	Hamilton Depression Rating Scale	Discovery set:	Albumin, Alpha-1- microglobulin/bikunin precursor (AMBP), HSPG, apolipoprotein A-I (APOA1)	N	Discovery: 0.914	91.7/84.6
			HC=28 (15/13), Age: 31.6			Validation: 0.892
			MDD=42 (19/23), Age: 32.7
			Validation set:
			HC=13 (6/7), Age: 35.7
			MDD=24 (10/24), Age: 35.0
Zheng et al. [47] (2013)	Metabolomics	DSM-IV, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale	Discovery set:	Malonate, Formate, N-methylnicotinamide, M-hydroxyphenylacetate, Alanine	N	Discovery: 0.810	Not available
			HC=82 (53/29), Age: 34.2			Validation: 0.890
			MDD=82 (46/36), Age: 32.2
			Validation set:
			HC=52 (27/25), Age: 28.8
			MDD=44 (13/31), Age: 34.1
Zheng et al. [48] (2013)	Metabolomics	DMS-IV, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale	Discovery set:	Sorbitol, Uric acid, Azelaic acid, Quinolinic acid, Hippuric acid, Tyrosine	Y	0.905	Not available
			HC=82 (53/29), Age: 34.2
			MDD=82 (46/36), Age: 32.2
			Validation set:
			HC=52 (27/25), Age: 28.8
			MDD=42 (17/27), Age: 34.1

Value of age are presented as mean. M, male; F, female; AUC, area under the curve; HC, healthy control; MDD, major depressive disorder; N, no; Y, yes; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders