. 2025 Apr 11;22(4):341–356. doi: 10.30773/pi.2024.0152

Table 4.

A summary of other biomarkers in diagnosing major depressive disorder in adults

Study	Category	Comparison method	Cohort (M/F), age (yr)	Biomarkers	Medicationnaive	AUC	Sensitivity/specificity (%)
Kim et al. [49] (2019)	Dermatological	Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-21	HC=31 (13/19), Age: 43.3	Skin conductance	N	-	70/71.0
Kim et al. [49] (2019)	Dermatological	Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-21	MDD=30 (12/18), Age: 42.5	Skin conductance	N	-	70/71.0
Taguchi et al. [50] (2018)	Voice	DSM-5, Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report, Japanese version	HC=36 (16/20), Age: 38	Mel-Frequency Cepstrum Coefficient (MFCC)	N	-	77.8/86.1
Taguchi et al. [50] (2018)	Voice		MDD=36 (22/14), Age: 44.0	Mel-Frequency Cepstrum Coefficient (MFCC)	N	-	77.8/86.1
Schmidt et al. [51] (2015)	CSF	DSM-IV, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale	HC=32 (18/14), Age: 50.75	Neuro specific enolase (NSE), S100B	N	NSE=0.820	NSE=81.0/75.0
Schmidt et al. [51] (2015)	CSF	DSM-IV, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale	MDD=31 (14/17), Age: 49.81	Neuro specific enolase (NSE), S100B	N	NSE=0.820	NSE=81.0/75.0
Lithgow et al. [52] (2015)	Hearing	DSM-IV, Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale	HC=31 (12/19), Age: 33.07	Electrovestibulography	N	-	Accuracy 87.0% (Nil data on sensitivity/specificity)
Lithgow et al. [52] (2015)	Hearing		MDD=43 (18/25), Age: 44.09	Electrovestibulography	N	-	Accuracy 87.0% (Nil data on sensitivity/specificity)
Koo et al. [53] (2019)	Combined	Beck Depression Index, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale	HC=20 (7/13), Age: 47.15	1. Executive dysfunction - Trail Making Test A and B, Stroop Task	N	-	94.7/66.7
	1. Executive dysfunction		MDD=20 (9/11), Age: 51.05	2. Motor activity: Actigraphy
	2. Motor activity			3. Neuroimaging/ Neurophysiology: EEG, alpha power asymmetry
	3. Neuroimaging
Wan et al. [54] (2015)	Combined	Hamilton Depression Rating Scale	Discovery set:	miRNA of Peripheral Mononuclear Blood Cells (PMBC) - miR-221-3p, miR-34a-5p, Let-7d-3p, miR-451a	N	miR-221-3p=0.940	miR-221-3p=93.8/90.5
	1. Blood		HC=6 (2/4), Age: 23–41			miR-34a-5p=0.980	miR-34a-5p=96.9/95.2
	2. CSF		MDD=6 (3/3), Age: 23–41			Let-7d-3p=0.970	Let-7d-3p=90.6/90.5
			Validation set:			miR-451a=0.940	miR-451a=84.9/90.5
			HC=21 (10/11), Age: 26–41
			MDD=32 (15/17), Age: 24–44
Bortolasci et al. [55] (2014)	Combined	Hamilton Depression Rating Scale	HC=199 (82/117), Age: 46.4	1. Blood - PON1 enzyme, HDL	N	-	53.8/93.8
	1. Blood		MDD=91 (22/69), Age: 47.0	2. Combined - Smoking
	2. Lifestyle		BD=45 (12/33), Age: 44.5	2. Combined - Smoking

Value of age are presented as mean or range. M, male; F, female; AUC, area under the curve; HC, healthy control; MDD, major depressive disorder; BD, bipolar disorder; N, no; Y, yes; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; NSE, neuron specific enolase; EEG, electroencephalogram; HDL, high density lipoprotein