. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Sep 3.

Published in final edited form as: Nat Metab. 2025 Mar 3;7(3):586–601. doi: 10.1038/s42255-025-01230-z

Table 2 |.

Regression analysis of the western dietary pattern during pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes

	Univariate model	Multivariable model
Neurodevelopmental diagnosis	OR (95% Cl) P value	OR (95% Cl) P value
Any neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosis	1.66 (1.31–2.11) (P<0.001)	1.53 (1.17–2.00) (P=0.002)
ADHD diagnosis	1.84 (1.42–2.41) (P<0.001)	1.66 (1.21–2.27) (P=0.002)
Autism diagnosis	2.38 (1.50–3.79) (P<0.001)	2.22 (1.33–3.74) (P=0.002)
Neurodevelopmental symptom loads	Estimate (95% Cl) P value	Estimate (95% Cl) P value
ADHD symptom load (ADHD-RS)	2.26 (1.53–2.98) (P<0.001)	1.73 (0.98–2.49) (P<0.001)
Autism symptom load (SRS-2)	4.37 (2.92–5.81) (P<0.001)	3.21 (1.69–4.74) (P<0.001)

OR and estimates are interpreted as the association of 1 × s.d. of the pregnancy western dietary pattern. Model A: univariate analysis. Model B: multivariable analysis (multivariable model adjusted for pre-pregnancy maternal BMI, social circumstances (household income, maternal education level and maternal age), child sex, birth weight, gestational age, pregnancy smoking/antibiotic use, pre-eclampsia and a child western dietary pattern at 10 years of age).