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. 2025 Mar 26;15(4):484. doi: 10.3390/biom15040484

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© 2025 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Temporal Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of lipid signatures following empagliflozin treatment. (A) Enriched GO biological processes for proteins associated with lipid signatures at one week and (B) twelve weeks after empagliflozin treatment, showing shifts from phospholipid metabolism to sphingolipid and ceramide metabolism. Functional enrichment was carried out using the top 100 proteins derived from lipid signatures. Full lists are given in Supplementary Tables S7 and S8, respectively.