| Predictor | VIF |
| Smoking Status | 2.2 |
| Exacerbations (≥2/year) | 3.0 |
| Time Since Diagnosis (≥5 years) | 2.5 |
| Smoking × Exacerbations | 3.8 |
| Smoking × Time Since Diagnosis | 3.6 |
| Exacerbations × Time Since Diagnosis | 4.2 |
| Smoking × Exacerbations × Time Since Diagnosis | 4.5 |
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