Table 1.
Clinical trials of SCFA supplementation in metabolic diseases (selected articles).
| Type of Intervention | Cohort | Intervention Details | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCFA supplementation in MASLD | 50 adult patients with liver steatosis and metabolic syndrome | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial (A) (n = 25): placebo (B) (n = 25): butyrate-based formula Daily for 3 months |
Fatty liver index ↓ *,+ Plasma triglycerides ↓ + Plasma cholesterol ↓ + |
Fogacci et al. [147] |
| SCFA supplementation in obesity (and MASLD) | 60 adult patients with obesity (and MASLD) | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial (A) (n = 30): inulin (B) (n = 30): inulin-propionate Daily for 24 weeks |
Postprandial plasma PYY and GLP-1 ↑ (B) * Weight gain ↓ (B) * Hepatic lipid content in patients with obesity and MASLD ↓ (B) + |
Chambers et al. [173] |
| SCFA supplementation in obesity | 50 adult patients with obesity | Randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial (A) (n = 25): placebo + hypo-caloric diet (B) (n = 25): sodium butyrate + hypo-caloric diet Daily for 8 weeks |
Fat mass ↓ *,+ Visceral fat ↓ *,+ Fat-free mass ↑ *,+ Serum hs-CRP ↓ *,+ PBMC ADIPOR1 ↑ *,+ PBMC ADIPOR2 ↑ *,+ PBMC UCP3 ↑ *,+ |
Amiri et al. [174] |
| SCFA supplementation in obesity | 20 adult individuals (10 healthy controls and 10 patients with obesity) | Clinical trial (A) (n = 10, healthy): sodium butyrate (B) (n = 10, obese): sodium butyrate Daily for 4 weeks |
Training capacity of monocytes by oxLDL and β-glucan ↓ (B) + | Cleophas et al. [175] |
| SCFA supplementation in pediatric obesity | 54 pediatric patients with obesity | Randomized, quadruple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial (A) (n = 27): placebo (B) (n = 27): sodium butyrate Daily for 6 months |
BMI ↓ + Waist circumference ↓ * Insulin level ↓ * HOMA-IR ↓ * Serum Ghrelin level ↓ * PBMC MicroRNA221 ↓ * Serum IL-6 level ↓ * |
Coppola et al. [176] |
| SCFA supplementation in T2DM | 60 adult patients with T2DM | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial (A) (n = 15): sodium butyrate + starch (B) (n = 15): inulin + starch (C) (n = 15): sodium butyrate + inulin (D) (n = 15): placebo Daily for 45 days |
DBP ↓ (A, B, C) * Hip circumference ↓ (A) + Waist circumference ↓ (B, C) + Waist/hip ratio ↓ (C) + Fasting blood sugar ↓ (C) + GLP-1 ↑ (A, C) * |
Roshanravan et al. [177] |
| SCFA supplementation in T2DM | 42 adult patients with T2DM | Randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial (A) (n = 21): placebo (B) (n = 21): sodium butyrate Daily for 6 weeks |
DBP and SBP ↓ + Nitric oxide ↓ + Blood sugar 2-hr postprandial ↓ + HOMA-IR ↑ + Insulin level ↑ + Total cholesterol ↑ + |
Khosravi et al. [178] |
* Indicates inter-group comparison between intervention and placebo group. + Indicates intra-group comparison between pre- and post-intervention. ↓ Indicates a decrease in a parameter. ↑ Indicates an increase in a parameter. ADIPOR1/2, adiponectin receptor 1/2; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; hs-CRP, high-sensitive C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin 6; oxLDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein; MASLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PYY, peptide YY; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SCFA, short-chain fatty acid; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; UCP3, uncoupling protein 3.