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. 2025 Apr 3;16(4):384. doi: 10.3390/insects16040384

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© 2025 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Analysis of CHC variations of I. subelongatus among different geographic populations. (A) The mean percentage (±SE) of four types of cuticular hydrocarbon composition from different geographic populations. Bars labeled with different capital letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) among populations, as determined by the Student–Newman–Keuls test. (B) Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS) based on Bray–Curtis dissimilarity in cuticular hydrocarbons. (C) Heatmap of the percentage composition of cuticular hydrocarbons from individuals of different populations, accompanied by cluster analysis.