Table 1.

Summary table of HAp composite material classification.

Classification of Composite Materials	Combination of HAp with Types of Reinforcements	HAp Sintering Temperature (°C)	Preparation Method	Function	Refs
Inorganic-based HAp Composites	HAp-Ti/Al alloy	900	High-velocity suspension flame spray (HVSFS) technique	Improves bioactivity, biodegradability, and bone conduction capability	[32,65,66]
	HAp/SiO2	1200	Mechanochemical synthesis followed by sintering; sol–gel method	Improves the hardness, toughness, compressive strength, and thermal stability of the composite material, and serves as a drug carrier	[27,34,67]
	HAp/CNT	1100	In situ growth method; sol–gel method; mechanical mixing method	Improves material strength, toughness, electrical properties, induces bone formation, serves as a drug carrier, and exhibits antimicrobial performance	[37,41,68]
	Ag+/Si-HAp	600	High-temperature and high-pressure hydrothermal method	Inhibits multiple pathogenic yeast species	[35,69]
Organic-based HAp Composites	Col/HAp	900	Microwave-assisted co-titration method	Improves the mechanical modulus of the scaffold material	[28,42]
	PLA/HAp	/	Preparation of electrospinning solution	Promotes bone cell adhesion/proliferation, increases fiber size/roughness, slows degradation, enhances bioactivity	[48,49]
	SNF/nHAp	/	HAp formation via in situ precipitation from calcium phosphate solution on SNF template	Vascularization and bone regeneration	[29,67,70]
	HAp/PCL	800	Liquid deposition modeling (LDM); 3D printing technology	Compatible with structurally complex shapes, high porosity, and tailored for personalized treatment	[61,71,72]
Hybrid HAp Composites	HAp/CS/SiO2	1200	Sol–gel method; 3D printing technology	Drug and protein loading capability, and osteogenic effect	[51,52,53,73]
	HAp/CS/Zn	800	Co-precipitation method	Antibacterial effect and improvement of scaffold morphology	[54,55,56,57,74]
	HAp/Collagen/Sr	/	Polymer-induced liquid precursor (PILP)	Enhances bone cell differentiation and osseointegration of the scaffold, and improves mechanical properties	[58,59,60]
	HAp/CaP/Col	/	Preparation by vacuum infusion process and biomimetic mineralization method	Improves mechanical performance and accelerates bone formation	[26,75]