| XPS | X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy |
| IR | Infrared |
| NIR | Near Infrared |
| UV | Ultraviolet |
| LEDs | Light-Emitting Diodes |
| XRD | X-ray diffraction |
| OA | Optical absorption |
| NBOs | Non-bridging oxygen atoms |
| FWHM | Full Width at Half Maximum |
| BOs | Bridging oxygen atoms |
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