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. 2025 Apr 16;15(4):659. doi: 10.3390/life15040659
4-HNE 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
CCK cholecystokinin
Ce50 concentration that produces one-half the maximum PID
CLDN5 claudin 5
Cmax peak plasma concentrations
COX cyclooxygenase
CSE COX-independent cystathionine-γ-lyase
CV cardiovascular
eNOS nitric oxide synthase
GALNT8 N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase
HO-1 heme oxygenase-1
IBU ibuprofen
KA ketoprofen acid (KLS)
KLS ketoprofen lysine salt
LD linear dichroism
MDA malondialdehyde
MUC5B mucin 5B
NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
PD pharmacodynamics
PID pain intensity reduction
PK pharmacokinetics
ROS reactive oxygen species
Tmax time to max concentration
UGIB Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding