Table 2. Differences in epidemiological determinants per phylogenetic cluster.
| Cluster A (n=21) | Cluster B (n=40) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex preference, n (%) | <0.001* | ||
| Men who have sex with men | 4 (19.0) | 29 (72.5) | |
| Men who have sex with women | 17 (81.0) | 11 (27.5) | |
| Type of sexual partner, n (%) | 0.552* | ||
| Casual partner | 12 (57.1) | 21 (52.5) | |
| Steady partner | 2 (9.5) | 8 (20.0) | |
| Both | 7 (33.3) | 11 (27.5) | |
| Region of origin, n (%) | 0.052* | ||
| The Netherlands | 8 (38.1) | 14 (35.0) | |
| Europe, outside the Netherlands | 0 (0) | 7 (15.0) | |
| Africa | 3 (14.3) | 0 (0) | |
| Asia | 0 (0) | 6 (15.0) | |
| Central and South America | 9 (42.9) | 13 (32.5) | |
| North America | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Oceania | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Unknown | 1 (4.8) | 0 (0) | |
| HIV status, n (%) | 0.649* | ||
| Negative | 15 (71.4) | 29 (72.5) | |
| Positive | 2 (9.5) | 7 (17.5) | |
| Unknown | 4 (19.0) | 4 (10.0) | |
| N. gonorrhoeae co-infection, n (%) | 0.688* | ||
| Negative | 20 (95.2) | 35 (87.5) | |
| Positive | 1 (4.8) | 5 (12.5) | |
| C. trachomatis co-infection, n (%) | 0.080* | ||
| Negative | 15 (71.4) | 37 (92.5) | |
| Positive | 6 (28.6) | 3 (7.5) | |
| Previous antibiotic use last3 months, n (%) | 0.358* | ||
| No | 18 (85.7) | 27 (67.5) | |
| Yes | 3 (14.3) | 13 (32.5) | |
| Previous urethritis in last2 years, n (%) | 0.067* | ||
| No | 17 (81.0) | 22 (55.0) | |
| Yes | 4 (19.0) | 18 (45.0) | |
| Macrolide resistance (MRAM), n (%) | <0.01* | ||
| Wildtype | 9 (42.9) | 5 (12.5) | |
| Mutation | 12 (57.1) | 35 (87.5) | |
| A2058G | 3 (14.3) | 10 (25.0) | |
| A2059G | 6 (28.6) | 24 (60.0) | |
| A2058C | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| A2059C | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| A2058T | 3 (14.3) | 1 (2.5) | |
| Fluoroquinolone resistance (QRAM), n (%) | <0.05* | ||
| Wildtype | 20 (95.2) | 26 (65.0) | |
| Mutation | 1 (4.8) | 14 (35.0) | |
| S83I | 0 (0) | 6 (15.0) | |
| S83R | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| D87N | 1 (4.8) | 6 (15.0) | |
| D87Y | 0 (0) | 2 (5.0) | |
| Dual MRAMandQRAM, n (%) | <0.01* | ||
| No | 21 (100) | 27 (67.5) | |
| Yes | 0 (0) | 13 (32.5) | |
| mgpB ST | <0.001* | ||
| 2 | 7 (33.3) | 0 (0) | |
| 4 | 0 (0) | 16 (40.4) | |
| 5 | 3 (14.3) | 0 (0) | |
| 7 | 0 (0) | 5 (12.5) | |
| 145 | 0 (0) | 4 (10.0) | |
| 261 | 0 (0) | 3 (7.5) | |
| 263 | 3 (14.3) | 0 (0) | |
| MG309 STR | 0.849* | ||
| 9 | 2 (9.5) | 4 (10.0) | |
| 10 | 8 (38.1) | 16 (40.0) | |
| 11 | 3 (14.3) | 5 (12.5) | |
| 12 | 3 (14.3) | 2 (5.0) | |
| 13 | 2 (9.5) | 3 (7.5) |
*Fisher’s exact test. MGU057 was excluded from the two phylogenetic clusters. QRAM solely entails mutations in the parC gene. MgpB STs with frequency counts of ≥3 are shown. MG309 STRs numbers with frequency counts of ≥5 are shown.
HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; MRAM, macrolide resistance-associated mutation; QRAM, fluoroquinolone resistance-associated mutation; ST, sequence type; STR, short tandem repeat.