Images of PSII efficiency (Fq′/Fm′) with 4-mm-diameter artificial grease patches applied to different leaf surfaces in P. vulgaris (A and B) and C. communis (C and D). Images approximately 8×8 mm. PSII efficiency measured from upper surface with patch on upper surface only (A and C) or lower surface only (B and D). Ca and Ci values for the unpatched leaf from gas exchange measurements were as follows: A, Ca = 268, Ci = 158; B, Ca = 243, Ci = 122; C, Ca = 315, Ci = 171; and D, Ca = 315, Ci = 171 μmol mol−1. The colored bar indicates how the range of Fq′/Fm′ values is mapped to the color palette.