Table 2. NcRNAs promoting tumor immune escape and their mechanisms of action.
| NcRNAs | Location | Mechanisms | Functions | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CircR-002178 | Exosomes of plasma | Sponge miRNA-34a and miRNA-28-5p | Up-regulate PD-1/PD-L1 expression to promote tumor immune escape | [73] |
| CircR-001678 | NSCLC cells | Sponge miR-326 to enhance the expression of ZEB1 transcription, ZEB1 positively correlates with PD-L1 expression | Up-regulate PD-L1 expression to promote tumor immune escape | [74] |
| CircR-HSP90A | NSCLC cells | Sponge miR-424-5p | Up-regulate PD-L1 expression to promote tumor immune escape | [75] |
| CircR-0068252 | NSCLC cells | Sponge miR-304-5p | Up-regulate PD-L1 expression to promote tumor immune escape | [76] |
| CircR-FOXK2 | NSCLC cells | Sponge miR-485-5p | Up-regulate PD-L1 expression to promote tumor immune escape | [77] |
| CircR-0014235 | NSCLC cells | Down-regulate the target miRNA-146b-5p to promote the expression of YAP, which positively regulates PD-L1 expression | Up-regulate PD-L1 expression to promote tumor immune escape | [78] |
| CircR-0000284 | NSCLC cells | Sponge miR-377-3p | Up-regulate PD-L1 expression to promote tumor immune escape | [79] |
| CircR-CHST15 | Cytoplasm of lung cancer cells | Sponge miR-155-5p and miR-194-5p | Up-regulate PD-L1 expression to promote tumor immune escape | [80] |
| LncR-FDG5-AS1 | NSCLC cells | Sponge miR-454-3p to promote ZEB1 transcription | Up-regulate PD-L1 expression to promote tumor immune escape | [81] |
| LncR-SChLAP1 | NSCLC cells | Block AUF1 binding to the PD-L1 3’UTR | Up-regulate PD-L1 expression to promote tumor immune escape | [82] |
| LncR-OIP5-AS1 | NSCLC cells | Sponge miR-34a | Up-regulate PD-L1 expression to promote tumor immune escape | [83] |
| LncR-OIP5-AS1 | Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs)-derived exosomes | Sponge miR-142-5p | Up-regulate PD-L1 expression to promote tumor immune escape | [84] |
| LncR-SNHG12 | NSCLC cells | Promote USP8 expression by binding to HUR, and USP8-mediated deubiquitination can enhance the stability of PD-L1 expression | Up-regulate PD-L1 expression to promote tumor immune escape | [85] |
| LncR-PSMA3-AS1 | NSCLC cells | Negatively regulate miR-17-5p | Up-regulate PD-L1 expression to promote tumor immune escape | [86] |
| LncR-MALAT1 | NSCLC cells | Negatively regulate miR-140a-3p | Up-regulate PD-L1 expression to promote tumor immune escape | [87] |
| LncR-01140 | Cytoplasm of lung cancer cells | Negatively regulate miR-377-3p and miR-155-5p |
Up-regulate PD-L1 expression to promote tumor immune escape | [88] |
| LncR-ZFPM2-AS1 | NSCLC cells | Positively regulate JAK-STAT3 and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways | Up-regulate PD-L1 expression to promote tumor immune escape | [89] |
| MiR-301a-5p | Membrane and cytoplasm of lung adenocarcinoma cells | Negatively regulate downstream PDIA3 | Up-regulate PD-1/PD-L1 expression to promote tumor immune escape | [90] |