Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants
| HC | T2DM | DKDI–II | DKDIII–IV | F | p* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (M/F) | 14/12 | 25/18 | 16/8 | 8/6 | 6.000χ2 | 0.423 |
| Age (years) | 56.17 ± 8.95 | 52.53 ± 9.45 | 57.25 ± 8.51a | 60.86 ± 9.03a | 3.462* | 0.020 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.23 ± 2.76 | 24.61 ± 3.09 | 25.38 ± 3.26 | 26.25 ± 4.31 | 2.087* | 0.108 |
| WHR | 0.95 ± 0.03 | 0.91 ± 0.06 | 0.94 ± 0.07 | 0.98 ± 0.06a,b | 5.452* | 0.002 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | - | 6.35 ± 5.69 | 9.84 ± 4.64a | 11.07 ± 7.11a | 5.076* | 0.008 |
| UACR | - | 0.59 (0.15, 1.09) | 2.97 (0.68, 11.71)a | 69.95 (9.39, 391.96)a,b | 27.789① | < 0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.72 m2) | - | 103.00 (96.00, 109.00) | 86.00 (77.50, 100.50)a | 46.50 (39.75, 52.75)a,b | 50.326① | < 0.001 |
| Scr (µmol/L) | - | 62.00 (51.00, 74.00) | 76.00 (66.75, 91.00)a | 137.50 (123.75, 155.50)a,b | 46.013① | < 0.001 |
| Microalbuminuria | - | 3.71 (1.45, 11.90) | 24.05 (5.16, 137.59)a | 300.71 (62.62, 2384.53)a,b | 32.462① | < 0.001 |
Notes: Data are presented as the number, mean ± standard deviation, or median (first quartile, third quartile)
* LSD multiple pairwise comparison tests were used for statistical significance ANOVA. χ2 Chi-square test
HC healthy control, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, DKD diabetic kidney disease, BMI body mass index, WHR waist-hip ratio, UACR urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, Scr serum creatinine
① Kruskal–Wallis H-tests. Means with different letters indicate significant differences between the groups
a Significant difference from T2DM (p < 0.05)
b Significant difference from DKDI-II (p < 0.05)