. 2025 Apr 27;16:93. doi: 10.1186/s13244-025-01971-1

Table 2.

Comparison of PDFF, RBF values in renal cortex and medulla, and perirenal fat thickness in four groups (x̅ ± s)

Group	PDFF (%)		RBF (mL/100 g/min)		Perirenal fat thickness (mm)
Group	Cortex	Medulla	Cortex	Medulla	Perirenal fat thickness (mm)
HC	0.88 ± 0.09	0.86 ± 0.10	182.97 ± 47.29	42.62 ± 4.11	6.39 ± 3.18
T2DM	1.22 ± 0.09^a	1.18 ± 0.09^a	158.61 ± 29.03^a	35.71 ± 1.45^a	10.33 ± 5.79^a
DKDI-II	1.53 ± 0.13^a,b	1.56 ± 0.14^a,b	137.04 ± 14.57^a,b	30.59 ± 2.97^a,b	14.49 ± 6.31^a,b
DKDIII-IV	1.74 ± 0.08^a,b,c	1.75 ± 0.10^a,b,c	116.23 ± 13.55^a,b,c	27.79 ± 1.67^a,b,c	23.65 ± 6.27^a,b,c
F	300.233	288.135	17.287	124.587	31.848
p*	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

Notes: Data are presented as the number, mean ± standard deviation. Means with different letters indicate significant differences between the groups

* LSD multiple pairwise comparison tests were used for statistical significance ANOVA

RBF renal blood flow, PDFF proton-density fat fraction, HC Healthy control, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, DKD diabetic kidney disease

^a Significant difference from HC (p < 0.05)

^b Significant difference from T2DM (p < 0.05)

^C Significant difference from DKDI-II (p < 0.05)