Table 5.

Study-based recommendations, differentiated by gender, type of aggression (bullying or cyberbullying), and role (victim or aggressor) to maximize the impact of interventions.

Level of implementation	Type of bullying	General recommended actions	Actions to strengthen the use of learning strategies in bullying and cyberbullying victims	Actions to strengthen the use of learning strategies in aggressors of bullying and cyberbullying
Students	Bullying	Emotional support programs to improve resilience and self-esteem, along with stress management techniques to prevent bullying from affecting their well-being and academic performance.	-Boys: Organize workshops to teach them how to structure their homework and improve their planning skills. Activities such as using a daily planner to keep track of upcoming tasks will help reduce the impact of bullying on their academic performance. -Girls: Offer workshops on critical thinking and reflection on bullying situations, using case analysis exercises where they assess causes and identify bullying. This should include sessions on revision and elaboration where they learn to process and organise information effectively to improve their performance in class and their emotional resilience.	-Boys: Use their critical thinking skills to resolve conflicts in simulated situations. Programs where critical thinking is used to find non-violent solutions to conflict situations. In addition, self-regulation workshops can include emotional self-control exercises such as the ‘traffic light’ technique (pause, reflect, act). -Girls: Develop specific academic skills workshops, including exercises to improve rehearsal and organization through study techniques such as spaced repetition and concept mapping. Metacognitive self-regulation should be addressed through simulations of bullying scenarios where they practice making thoughtful decisions before acting impulsively.
	Cyberbullying	Digital literacy workshops to promote safe use of the internet and how to deal with cyberbullying, helping victims to mitigate its emotional and academic impact.	-Boys: Conduct metacognitive self-regulation workshops to teach them about healthy online time management and how to identify and deal with digital bullying. Strategies such as setting limits on social media use and learning to identify and block bullies are essential to improve their monitoring and self-efficacy. -Girls: Create self-study workshops to teach girl victims how to organize their studies. This can include elaboration techniques, such as summarizing and outlining after reading, and critical thinking, with exercises that encourage critical analysis of online messages and situations.	-Boys: Carry out reflection exercises on the impact of cyberbullying, using group dynamics to encourage critical thinking about the consequences for victims. For example, writing reflective diaries about their online behavior allows them to identify and correct aggressive patterns. -Girls: Create workshops where they run simulations that show how their actions affect victims. These simulations can include role-playing, videos or interviews with victims of cyberbullying to help them empathize. Metacognitive self-regulation should be addressed through planning and reflection activities on the use of social networks. Problem solving techniques based on real cases of cyberbullying can be used to improve reflection and elaboration.
Educators	Bullying	Teacher training to identify signs of bullying and provide a safe space where victims can express their emotions and ask for help.	Provide tools to improve the management of emotions and support the improvement of organization and critical thinking in girls. Teachers should provide an environment that promotes self-efficacy and facilitates their emotional recovery.	Train teachers in conflict mediation and teach bullies to reflect on the impact of their actions. For boys, the focus should be on developing their critical thinking skills, whereas for girls, teachers should focus on promoting respect and empathy.
	Cyberbullying	Digital literacy training for teachers to protect victims of cyberbullying and teach responsible use of social networks.	Train teachers to guide girls in the use of online time management tools and techniques, such as concept mapping, to improve their elaboration and organization skills. The use of homework tracking applications is also recommended to promote self-regulation. In the case of boys, teachers should be trained to help them set limits on the use of social networking sites in order to improve their self-regulation. Finally, include critical thinking exercises based on the analysis of bullying situations in the classroom.	Train teachers to guide bullied girls to develop their critical thinking and metacognitive self-regulation through reflection on their social media posts. The use of concept maps to help understand the impact of cyberbullying is suggested to improve rehearsal and elaboration skills. For boys, it is important to train teachers to teach them to use critical thinking to analyze patterns of online behavior, supported by reflective journals of their digital interactions.
Family	Bullying	Family programs that promote open communication, teach parents to recognize the signs of bullying and provide tools to support their children emotionally.	Involve families in emotional workshops to help them identify and manage the impact of bullying on their children, and create an environment of open communication and emotional support. In addition, families with daughters in particular should be trained to use self-regulation techniques and plan reflection sessions to encourage them to think critically about their experiences and reflect on their feelings.	Encourage critical thinking activities at home to promote peaceful conflict resolution in boys, such as problem-solving games and daily reflection routines to improve their self-regulation. For girls, it is important that families encourage reading and summarizing at home to improve their writing and organizational skills. Family reflection sessions that encourage critical thinking and respect for others are also recommended.
	Cyberbullying	Digital literacy sessions or training for families to monitor their children’s online activities and spot signs of cyberbullying early.	Set limits on the use of social networks and use tools such as parental control apps to improve boys’ self-regulation. For girls, it is important to teach organization and revision techniques, such as the use of digital diaries, as well as family reflection on online safety and dealing with cyberbullying.	Educate families on how to monitor and mediate their children’s online activities, promoting responsible internet use. For boys, teach them to reflect on their digital interactions and set limits on their use, in order to strengthen their self-regulation. For girls, it is important to encourage family reflection on the impact of their actions on victims, using simulations and readings that facilitate the development of critical thinking, as well as improving metacognitive processing, organization and self-regulation.