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. 2025 Apr 27;15:14714. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-97109-w

Table 6.

Model performance metrics after proposed optimization.

Models MSE RMSE MAE MBE r R2 RRMSE NSE WI
Ninja + QTM 3.09E−06 3.07E−05 2.92E−05 0.000107228 0.946080 0.951610 5.565489 0.976254 0.979377
SBO + QTM 0.000114385 0.000140887 0.000597287 0.000934072 0.918957 0.928813 8.574589 0.953245 0.967520
SCA + QTM 0.000131815 0.000147113 0.000600811 0.000934683 0.917390 0.922921 9.521145 0.949563 0.960125
FA + QTM 0.000157308 0.000147834 0.000603866 0.000935416 0.915768 0.921299 10.432197 0.947604 0.957520
GA + QTM 0.000167918 0.000171034 0.000614203 0.000946033 0.903600 0.920442 11.152798 0.942041 0.955549
FEP + QTM 0.000178053 0.000186048 0.000622817 0.000949451 0.902703 0.918256 11.709071 0.938805 0.952310
GSA + QTM 0.000182024 0.000199084 0.000630648 0.000957262 0.901885 0.914113 12.256628 0.928479 0.953943
DE + QTM 0.000252189 0.000213632 0.000638480 0.000964952 0.899570 0.909970 13.772998 0.925874 0.948733
TSH + QTM 0.000289146 0.000218024 0.000641299 0.000972763 0.898302 0.908855 14.433742 0.923269 0.947298
BA + QTM 0.000395989 0.000332753 0.000647251 0.000984602 0.894660 0.907641 14.833742 0.921223 0.946360