Table 1. Demographics and pre-existing comorbidity/medication of the study sample.
| Variable |
All
(n = 203 327) |
No PPOU
(n = 200,401) |
PPOU
(n = 2926) |
| Female sex | 63.4% (n = 128 843) | 63.3% (n = 126 804) | 69.7% (n = 2039) |
| Age (years) | 54.67 (18.48) | 54.45 (18.43) | 69.77 (14.93) |
| Number of prior hospital stays | 0.39 (0.83) | 0.38 (0.82) | 0.73 (1.18) |
| CCI (unweighted, points) | 0.92 (1.36) | 0.91 (1.35) | 1.93 (1.83) |
| Coagulopathy | 2.9% (n = 5836) | 2.8% (n = 5700) | 4.6% (n = 136) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 20.2% (n = 41 043) | 20.1% (n = 40 271) | 26.4% (n = 772) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 50.6% (n = 102 852) | 50.2% (n = 100 552) | 78.6% (n = 2300) |
| Diabetes | 13.9% (n = 28 330) | 13.7% (n = 27 485) | 28.9% (n = 845) |
| Renal disease | 6.7% (n = 13 708) | 6.6% (n = 13 185) | 17.9% (n = 523) |
| Depression | 22.7% (n = 46 176) | 22.5% (n = 45 169) | 34.4% (n = 1007) |
| Anxiety | 7.3% (n = 14 806) | 7.3% (n = 14 549) | 8.8% (n = 257) |
| Bipolar disorder | 0.4% (n = 783) | 0.4% (n = 764) | 0.6% (n = 19) |
| Other mood disorder | 0.3% (n = 682) | 0.3% (n = 666) | 0.5% (n = 16) |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder | 6.4% (n = 12 988) | 6.4% (n = 12 822) | 5.7% (n = 166) |
| Alcohol abuse | 2.5% (n = 5095) | 2.5% (n = 4923) | 5.9% (n = 172) |
| Tobacco abuse | 8% (n = 16 302) | 8% (n = 16 003) | 10.2% (n = 299) |
| Cocaine abuse* | 0.1% (n = 119) | 0.1% (n = 117) | 0.1% (n = 2) |
| Other substance abuse | 1% (n = 2062) | 1% (n = 2003) | 2% (n = 59) |
| Other psychiatric comorbidities | 11.6% (n = 23 595) | 11.6% (n = 23 165) | 14.7% (n = 430) |
| Fibromyalgia | 0.9% (n = 1846) | 0.9% (n = 1783) | 2.2% (n = 63) |
| Migraine | 6.7% (n = 13 677) | 6.7% (n = 13 499) | 6.1% (n = 178) |
| Chronic pain | 12.2% (n = 24 730) | 11.9% (n = 23 893) | 28.6% (n = 837) |
| Prescription of non-opioid analgesics | 48.7% (n = 98 920) | 48.3% (n = 96 778) | 73.2% (n = 2142) |
| Prescription of benzodiazepines | 1.6% (n = 3339) | 1.6% (n = 3216) | 4.2% (n = 123) |
| Prescription of antidepressants | 15% (n = 30 546) | 14.7% (n = 29 450) | 37.5% (n = 1096) |
* Cocaine was not used as a predictor of PPOU in the two-level logistic regression, because its incidence was too low.
Descriptive statistics are given as percentage (N) or mean (SD). CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; PPOU, Prolonged postoperative opioid use