Table 2. Predictors of prolonged postoperative opioid use.

Predictors	Odds Ratio [95% CI]	p-value*
(Intercept)	0.005 [0.004; 0.006]	<0.001
Female sex	1.168 [1.070; 1.276]	0.009
Age (years)	1.030 [1.027; 1.034]	<0.001
Number of prior hospital stays	1.117 [1.080; 1.156]	<0.001
CCI (unweighted, points)	1.103 [1.064; 1.144]	<0.001
Coagulopathy	1.086 [0.904; 1.304]	1.000
Chronic pulmonary disease	0.978 [0.889; 1.076]	1.000
Cardiovascular disease	1.030 [0.927; 1.145]	1.000
Diabetes	1.047 [0.939; 1.167]	1.000
Renal disease	1.076 [0.951; 1.216]	1.000
Depression	0.984 [0.892; 1.085]	1.000
Anxiety	0.931 [0.809; 1.071]	1.000
Bipolar disorder	0.970 [0.604; 1.558]	1.000
Other mood disorder	0.955 [0.569; 1.601]	1.000
Posttraumatic stress disorder	0.964 [0.817; 1.137]	1.000
Alcohol abuse	1.515 [1.277; 1.797]	<0.001
Tobacco abuse	1.249 [1.095; 1.425]	0.015
Other substance abuse	1.154 [0.871; 1.529]	1.000
Other psychiatric comorbidity	1.123 [1.001; 1.259]	0.720
Fibromyalgia	1.177 [0.902; 1.536]	1.000
Migraine	1.096 [0.935; 1.285]	1.000
Chronic pain	1.363 [1.248; 1.489]	<0.001
Prescription of non-opioid analgesics	1.479 [1.357; 1.613]	<0.001
Prescription of benzodiazepines	1.141 [0.940; 1.383]	1.000
Prescription of antidepressants	2.131 [1.943; 2.336]	<0.001

Presented are fixed effects (i.e., odds ratios) of the random-intercept logistic regression model predicting prolonged postoperative opioid use from types of surgery (random intercept) and pre-existing risk factors. Random effects are reported in eTable 7.

* Because of the large sample size, p-values of the regression coefficients were adjusted for multiple comparisons according to Holm (31).

CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index