Table 3.
The prevalence of various pathogens associated with TD across 15 studies
| Pathogens | Number of studies (n = 15) | Percent (%) | Number of isolates/ samples | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | ||||
| Campylobacter | ||||
| C. jejuni | 5 | 33.3 | 427 | [4, 31, 35, 36, 40] |
| Campylobacter spp. | 4 | 26.7 | 166 | [1, 4, 24, 39] |
| C. jejuni/coli | 4 | 26.7 | 80 | [22, 33, 38, 40] |
| C. coli | 1 | 6.7 | 10 | [40] |
| E. coli | ||||
| ETEC | 12 | 80.0 | 172 | [4, 19, 22, 24, 31, 33, 34, 36, 38–40] |
| EPEC | 6 | 40.0 | 100 | [1, 4, 24, 31, 38, 40] |
| AEEC | 1 | 6.7 | 28 | [22] |
| EAEC | 4 | 26.7 | 50 | [4, 24, 31, 40] |
| ESBL-producing E. coli | 1 | 6.7 | 8 | [37] |
| EIEC | 3 | 20.0 | 5 | [1, 4, 24] |
| STEC | 1 | 6.7 | 3 | [24] |
| Salmonella | ||||
| Salmonella spp. | 6 | 40.0 | 130 | [1, 24, 31, 33, 38, 39] |
| Non-typhoidal Salmonella | 2 | 13.3 | 67 | [22, 40] |
| S. enteritis | 1 | 6.7 | 10 | [36] |
| Plesiomonas | ||||
| Plesiomonas spp. | 4 | 26.7 | 100 | [1, 22, 24, 39] |
| P. shigelloides | 4 | 26.7 | 50 | [4, 36, 38, 40] |
| Vibrio | ||||
| Vibrio spp. | 4 | 26.7 | 67 | [1, 4, 19, 24] |
| V. parahaemolyticus | 4 | 26.7 | 20 | [22, 36, 39, 40] |
| V. cholerae | 1 | 6.7 | 2 | [24] |
| V. cholerae non-O1 | 3 | 20.0 | 13 | [22, 36, 38] |
| V. cholerae O1 | 1 | 6.7 | 1 | [19] |
| V. fluvialis | 1 | 6.7 | 1 | [36] |
| Aeromonas | ||||
| Aeromonas spp. | 6 | 40.0 | 48 | [1, 4, 19, 24, 39, 40] |
| A. hydrophila | 2 | 13.3 | 15 | [33, 36] |
| Shigella | ||||
| Shigella spp. | 6 | 40.0 | 40 | [1, 4, 22, 24, 38, 39] |
| S. flexneri | 1 | 6.7 | 4 | [33] |
| S. dysenteriae | 1 | 6.7 | 1 | [33] |
| Arcobacter | ||||
| Arcobacter spp. | 2 | 13.3 | 2 | [1, 24] |
| A. butzleri | 1 | 6.7 | 1 | [4] |
| Bacteroides fragilis | 1 | 6.7 | 11 | [24] |
| Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile | 1 | 6.7 | 2 | [24] |
| Helicobacter pylori | 2 | 13.3 | 6 | [4, 24] |
| Virus | ||||
| Rotavirus | 6 | 40.0 | 24 | [4, 22, 24, 36, 38, 39] |
| Norovirus | 4 | 26.7 | 99 | [1, 4, 24, 31] |
| Norwalk virus | 2 | 13.3 | 14 | [36, 38] |
| Sapovirus | 1 | 6.7 | 6 | [24] |
| Adenovirus | 1 | 6.7 | 1 | [40] |
| Parasite | ||||
| Giardia spp. | 3 | 20.0 | 13 | [1, 24, 39] |
| Cryptosporidium spp. | 2 | 13.3 | 6 | [1, 24] |
| Blastocystis hominis | 1 | 6.7 | 2 | [36] |
| Capillaria spp. | 1 | 6.7 | 2 | [32] |
| Cyclospora spp. | 1 | 6.7 | 2 | [24] |
Abbreviations: ETEC, Enterotoxigenic E. coli; EPEC, Enteropathogenic E. coli; AEEC, Attaching and effacing E. coli; EAEC, Enteroaggregative E. coli; ESBL, Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli; EIEC, Enteroinvasive E. coli; STEC, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli