Table 2.

The relationship between the copy numbers of bacteria with variables in all groups

Variable	Group1; N = 24; frequency (%)	Group3; N = 24; frequency (%)	P-Value a	Group2; N = 23; frequency (%)	Group4; N = 23; frequency (%)	P-Value b	P-Value c
History of consuming dairy products containing probiotics
No	2 (8.33)	8 (33.33)	0.036*	4 (17.39)	5 (21.74)	0.500*	0.312*
Yes	22 (91.67)	16 (66.67)		19 (82.61)	18 (78.26)
Consumption of local dairy products
No	1 (4.17)	2 (8.33)	1.00*	1 (4.35)	3 (13.04)	0.608*	1.00*
Yes	23 (95.83)	22 (91.67)		22 (95.65)	20 (86.96)
History of self-medication with antibiotics
No	15 (62.50)	20 (83.33)	0.193*	10 (43.48)	16 (69.57)	0.074**	0.191**
Yes	9 (37.50)	4 (16.67)		13 (56.52)	7 (30.43)
E.coli; Median [IQR(Q1,Q3)]	4.26 × 109 [1.95 × 1010 ( 1.51 × 109, 2.10 × 1010)]	2.90 × 109 [1.19 × 1010 ( 1.37 × 109, 1.33 × 1010 ]	0.354‡	3.02 × 109 [4.99 × 109 ( 2.40 × 109, 7.40 × 109)]	3 × 1010 [4.88 × 1010( 2.08 × 1010, 6.97 × 1010)]	< 0.001‡	0.395‡
Akkermansia muciniphila; Median [IQR(Q1,Q3)]	6.54 × 108 [3.27 × 109 ( 2.92 × 108, 3.560 × 109)]	3.39 × 109 [2.84 × 1011( 5.03 × 108, 2.85 × 1011)]	0.070‡	3.15 × 109 [6.66 × 109 ( 5.59 × 108, 7.02 × 109)]	9.87 × 108 [1.99 × 1010( 6.47 × 108, 2.05 × 1010)]	0.489‡	0.360‡
Lactobacillus spp, Median [IQR(Q1,Q3)]	2.79 × 1010 [1.11 × 1011 ( 5.62 × 108, 1.11 × 1011)]	2.23 × 1010 [2.86 × 1011( 3.79 × 108, 2.87 × 1011)]	0.483‡	1.88 × 1011 [5 × 1011 ( 5.21 × 1010, 5.53 × 1011)]	1.66 × 1011 ]4.06 × 1011( 4.35 × 1010, 4.49 × 1011)]	0.701‡	< 0.001‡
Bacteroides spp; Median [IQR(Q1,Q3)]	1.69 × 109 [2.27 × 1010 ( 1.93 × 108, 2.29 × 1010)]	3.69 × 109 [4.79 × 1010( 6.81 × 108, 4.86 × 1010)]	0.409‡	3.80 × 1011 [1.75 × 1012 ( 9.18 × 109, 1.76 × 1012)]	7.08 × 109 [2.86 × 1012( 3.74 × 108, 2.86 × 1012)]	0.531‡	0.007‡
Bifidobacterium spp; Median [IQR(Q1,Q3)]	3.79 × 1010 [6.89 × 1011( 5.72 × 109, 6.89 × 10110)]	1.82 × 1011 [1.97 × 1011( 5.13 × 1010, 2.48 × 1011)]	0.224‡	3.21 × 1012 [3.76 × 1012 ( 5.33 × 1010, 3.81 × 1012)]	5.08 × 109 [4.73 × 1010( 2.35 × 109, 4.97 × 1010)]	< 0.001‡	0.008‡
Clostridium coccoides; Median [IQR(Q1,Q3)]	15.97 × 1010 [2.45 × 1011 ( 8.10 × 109, 2.53 × 1011)]	5.92 × 1011 [1.75 × 1012( 1.77 × 1011, 1.93 × 1012)]	0.003‡	2.89 × 1011 [2.43 × 1012 ( 9.75 × 109, 2.44 × 1012)]	1.85 × 1011 [2.91 × 1011( 1.52 × 1010, 3.06 × 1011)]	0.362‡	0.115‡
Firmicutes; Median [IQR(Q1,Q3)]	1.22 × 1011 [2.43 × 1011 ( 3.89 × 1010, 2.82 × 1011)]	2.54 × 1011 [4.81 × 1011( 5.28 × 1010, 5.34 × 1011)]	0.433‡	1.56 × 1011 [5.73 × 1011( 3.72 × 1010, 6.10 × 1011)]	1.87 × 1011 [1 × 1012( 4.85 × 1010,1 × 1012)]	0.328‡	0.349‡

†: From t-test

*: From Fisher’s exact test

‡: From Mann–Whitney test

**: From Pearson’s chi-squared

a: P-value from the comparison of Group 1 and Group 3

b: P-value from the comparison of Group 2 and of Group 4

c: P-value from the comparison of Group 1 and Group 2

IQR: Interquartile range