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. 2025 Apr 27;13:444. doi: 10.1186/s40359-025-02778-x

Table 3.

Comparison of sociodemographic and clinical data between smartphone addiction high risk group and non-high risk group (n = 233)

Risky group (n = 93) Non-risky group (n = 140)
N (%) χ 2 p
Male 73 (78.5) 114 (81.4) 0.296 0.586
No college study 86 (92.5) 119 (85.0) 4.075 0.288
Unemployed 5 (5.4) 11 (7.9) 8.117 0.617
Unmarried 60 (64.5) 103 (73.6) 6.411 0.179
Time spent using smartphones
 0–5 h 42 (45.2) 104 (74.3) 20.811 < 0.001
 5–9 h 33 (35.5) 26 (18.6)
 >9 h 18 (19.4) 10 (7.1)
Mean ± SD t p
Age 28.41 ± 6.24 28.48 ± 6.45 −0.082 0.935
Total number of previous substance use 2.99 ± 1.75 2.61 ± 1.59 1.695 0.092
SDS 3.15 ± 2.35 2.70 ± 2.20 1.488 0.138
BSRS-5 2.80 ± 4.12 1.61 ± 3.12 2.353 0.020
GAD7 2.86 ± 4.80 1.41 ± 2.96 2.609 0.010
ASRS-V1.1 10.75 ± 4.05 8.56 ± 4.47 3.888 < 0.001
 Inattention 7.17 ± 2.69 5.92 ± 3.25 3.191 0.002
 Hyperactivity/impulsivity 3.58 ± 1.85 2.64 ± 1.73 3.976 < 0.001

Note SPAI-SF: Smartphone Addiction Inventory–Short Form screening cutoff point; SD: standard deviation; SDS: Severity of Dependence Scale; BSRS5: Brief Symptom Rating Scale; GAD7: General Anxiety Disorder-7; ASRS-V1.1: Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale