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. 2025 Apr 24;15:163–174. doi: 10.2147/PTT.S516109

Table 6.

Results of Multivariate Analysis for Social and Environmental Domains in the WHOQOL-BREF Questionnaire

Feature Social Domain Environmental Domain
Parameter 95% CI p Parameter 95% CI p
Sex Female ref. ref.
Male 1.632 0.167 3.096 0.032* −0.351 −1.285 0.584 0.464
Age −0.104 0.001 0.056 −0.004 −0.037 0.03 0.838
Place of Residence Regional City ref. ref.
County Town 0.728 −1.073 2.53 0.431 0.323 −0.826 1.472 0.583
Smaller Town 1.347 −0.784 3.479 0.219 0.28 −1.079 1.64 0.687
Rural Area 0.749 −1.021 2.52 0.409 0.105 −1.024 1.235 0.855
Rodzaj łuszczycy Plaque ref. ref.
Guttate −0.475 −2.333 1.382 0.617 0.605 −0.58 1.79 0.32
Psoriatic Arthritis 2.163 −0.499 4.824 0.116 1.361 −0.337 3.059 0.121
Erythrodermic Psoriasis −0.353 −2.784 2.079 0.777 1.98 0.429 3.532 0.015*
Hand and Foot Psoriasis 1.543 −2.004 5.091 0.397 2.312 0.048 4.575 0.049*
Disease Onset After 40 years ref. ref.
Before 40 years −1.328 −3.31 0.654 0.193 −0.068 −1.332 1.197 0.917
Treatment Type No ref. ref.
Yes −0.868 −3.231 1.495 0.474 −0.002 −1.509 1.506 0.998
Phototherapy No ref. ref.
Yes −0.379 −2.728 1.969 0.752 1.877 0.379 3.375 0.016*
Creams No ref. ref.
Yes 0.06 −1.552 1.673 0.942 −0.319 −1.347 0.71 0.545
Ointments No ref. ref.
Yes −0.763 −2.661 1.135 0.433 0.644 −0.567 1.855 0.301
Oils No ref. ref.
Yes −0.393 −1.948 1.162 0.622 0.111 −0.881 1.103 0.827
PASI −0.086 0.011 0.138 −0.04 −0.071 −0.009 0.014*
MNA −0.119 0.406 0.288 0.146 −0.022 0.313 0.093
HADS: Anxiety −0.148 0.276 0.554 −0.071 −0.206 0.064 0.306
HADS: Depression −0.594 −0.111 0.006* −0.228 −0.382 −0.074 0.005*
AIS −0.095 0.068 0.753 −0.037 −0.089 0.015 0.168

Note:*Statistically significant relationship (p < 0.05).

Abbreviations: WHOQOL-BREF, World Health Organization Quality of Life - Short Form; PASI, Psoriasis Area and Severity Index; MNA, Mini Nutritional Assessment; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; AIS, Acceptance of Illness Scale; CI, Confidence Interval; p, multivariate linear regression.