Skip to main content
. 2025 Apr 13;15(11):5258–5276. doi: 10.7150/thno.108593

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Correlations between NRF2 levels and the development of valproic acid-induced hepatic steatosis. (A) Relative NRF2 levels of VPA-induced hepatic steatosis in human hepatocytes from the GEO database (GSE200186 and GSE84150). (B) Schedule of VPA-induced hepatic steatosis in mice. Mice in VPA groups were administered VPA-Na (250 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg body weight) through gavage daily for 15 d, whereas mice in the vehicle group were administered equal amounts of vehicle solution (PBS). (C) Liver coefficient (liver weight/body weight) of mice. (D-H) Serum ALT, AST, ALP, TG and NEFA level. (I-M) Liver ALT AST, ALP, TG and NEFA level. (N, O) Expression of inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-6 in serum. N = 6 mice per group in (C-O). (P) H&E and oil red O staining of liver with histopathological scoring. Scale bar, 50 μm, n = 6 mice per group. (Q) Immunofluorescence staining of NRF2 (red) expression levels in liver. Scale bar, 20 μm, n = 3 mice per group. (R) Protein expression of nuclear NRF2, HO1, and NQO1 in liver. n = 4 mice per group. (S) TG level of MPHs. (T) Oil red O staining of MPHs. Scale bar, 50 μm. (U) Immunofluorescence staining of NRF2 (red) expression levels in MPHs. Scale bar, 10 μm. (V) Protein expression of nuclear NRF2, HO1, and NQO1 in MPHs. N = 3 biologically independent samples in (S-V). (W) Correlation analysis of nuclear NRF2 expression and serum TG level in mice, nuclear NRF2 and liver TG level in mice. n = 4 biologically independent samples. (X) Correlation analysis of nuclear NRF2 expression and TG level in MPHs, nuclear NRF2 expression and TG level in AML12 cells, and nuclear NRF2 expression and TG level in HepG2 cells. n = 3 biologically independent samples. Statistical significance was determined using one-way analysis of variance. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.