Table 2 |.

ITT estimates following pre-registered protocols, by wave, corresponding follow-up age of child and calendar year of data collection, applying multiple hypothesis Westfall–Young family-wise adjustments

	Age 1 (2019–2020)	Westfall-Young adjusted P value	Age 2 (2020–2021)	Westfall-Young adjusted P value	Age 3 (2021–2022)	Westfall-Young adjusted P value	Low-cash gift mean (2019–2022)	Pooled (2019–2022)	Pooled adjusted P value
Household income and poverty
Below 100% of FPL including cash gift (income-to-needs ratio <1)	−0.064* (−0.121 to −0.008)	0.064	−0.082** (−0.139 to −0.024)	0.009	−0.027 (−0.089 to 0.036)	0.762	0.661	−0.056** (−0.096 to −0.017)	0.005
Social Services Receipt Index	−0.080 (−0.285 to 0.124)	0.428	−0.167 (−0.368 to 0.033)	0.096	−0.219** (−0.363 to −0.074)	0.004	2.657	−0.151* (−0.296 to −0.006)	0.006
Mother’s and child’s time use
Mother’s participation in education and training	0.014 (−0.045 to 0.072)	0.985	0.033 (−0.028 to 0.094)	0.284	0.059 (−0.001 to 0.119)	0.049	0.257	0.035 (−0.007 to −0.078)	0.203
Child in centre-based care in last year	0.022 (−0.036 to 0.080)	0.479					0.276	0.022 (−0.036 to 0.080)	0.718
Child in centre-based care in last week			0.026 (−0.004 to 0.055)	0.160	−0.023 (−0.080 to 0.033)	0.426	0.133	0.004 (−0.024 to 0.031)	0.774
Parent-child activities index	0.438* (0.085 to 0.792)	0.018	0.429* (0.045 to 0.812)	0.027	0.383* (0.051 to 0.715)	0.019	12.332	0.417** (0.136 to 0.699)	0.000
Child-specific expenditures ($)
Purchases of infant durable goods since birth index	0.243 (−0.023 to 0.509)	0.187					4.803	0.243 (−0.023 to 0.509)	0.198
(Focal) Child-specific expenditures in last 30 days	66.081** (20.760 to 111.402)	0.022	78.440* (16.157 to 140.723)	0.042	64.137* (12.781 to 115.493)	0.041	348.583	67.684** (28.802 to 106.565)	0.000
Out-of-pocket cost of childcare last week	7.461 (−4.380 to 19.303)	0.382	5.551 (−6.180 to 17.283)	0.353	6.785 (−4.960 to 18.530)	0.426	48.790	6.839 (−1.260 to 14.938)	0.180
Maternal subjective wellbeing
Maternal happiness	0.008 (−0.085 to 0.101)	0.878	−0.022 (−0.119 to 0.075)	0.663	−0.116* (−0.204 to −0.027)	0.012	1.250	−0.046 (−0.113 to 0.021)	0.081
HOPE maternal agency scale	−0.349 (−0.958 to 0.260)	0.466	−0.253 (−0.889 to 0.384)	0.663	−0.534 (−1.174 to 0.105)	0.095	31.808	−0.383 (−0.879 to 0.113)	0.059

The 95% CIs in parenthesis correspond to unadjusted P values.

^*P < 0.05 and

^**P < 0.01.

Column 9 presents P values of pooled estimates with Westfall–Young family adjustment according to groups of outcomes as specified in Table 1. Family-wise adjustments with pooled data combine follow-up wave 1, wave 2 and wave 3 families from Table 1. The income-to-needs ratio is calculated using annual income. The social services index here counts each item asked within each wave. For waves 1 and 2, this includes TANF, Head Start, childcare subsidies and Low Income Energy Assistance. Child-specific expenditures here include each item asked within wave; for example, money spent on diapers was collected only at wave 1 and money spent on activities was only collected at waves 2 and 3. Covariates from baseline survey: mother’s age, completed schooling, household income, net worth, general health, mental health, race and ethnicity, marital status, number of adults in the household, number of other children born to the mother, smoked during pregnancy, drank alcohol during pregnancy, father living with the mother, child’s sex, birth weight and gestational age at birth. Other covariates: phone interview, child age at interview (in months above target age) and site. Missing covariate values are imputed using the full sample mean among the sample of respondents who completed the wave 1 survey. Missing covariate dummies are included in covariate-adjusted models.