Table 3.
Random effects meta-analysis of charitable giving proportions by demographic category.
| Variable | Category | Proportion | 95% CI of proportion | SE analogue (CI Width/4) | Prediction Interval | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LL | UL | τ | I^2 | Global p-value | |||||
| Age group | < 0.001** | ||||||||
| 18–24 | 0.28 | (0.22,0.36) | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.72 | 0.17 | 96.2 | ||
| 25–29 | 0.36 | (0.28,0.44) | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.79 | 0.20 | 96.6 | ||
| 30–39 | 0.36 | (0.28,0.44) | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.78 | 0.19 | 96.5 | ||
| 40–49 | 0.37 | (0.28,0.46) | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.80 | 0.21 | 97.0 | ||
| 50–59 | 0.37 | (0.29,0.46) | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.79 | 0.21 | 97.0 | ||
| 60–69 | 0.38 | (0.30,0.47) | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.81 | 0.21 | 96.8 | ||
| 70–79 | 0.40 | (0.31,0.49) | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.74 | 0.21 | 96.8 | ||
| 80 or older | 0.59 | (0.32,0.81) | 0.12 | 0.05 | 1.00 | 0.64 | 99.6 | ||
| Gender | < 0.001** | ||||||||
| Male | 0.38 | (0.30,0.46) | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.76 | 0.19 | 96.3 | ||
| Female | 0.35 | (0.27,0.44) | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.80 | 0.20 | 96.8 | ||
| Other | 0.08 | (0.01,0.42) | 0.10 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.34 | 99.8 | ||
| Marital status | < 0.001** | ||||||||
| Married | 0.40 | (0.31,0.49) | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.80 | 0.21 | 96.8 | ||
| Separated | 0.33 | (0.27,0.40) | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.64 | 0.16 | 95.2 | ||
| Divorced | 0.37 | (0.30,0.45) | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.79 | 0.18 | 96.1 | ||
| Widowed | 0.40 | (0.31,0.50) | 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.81 | 0.23 | 97.3 | ||
| Domestic partner | 0.29 | (0.23,0.36) | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.60 | 0.14 | 95.0 | ||
| Single, never married | 0.31 | (0.25,0.39) | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.71 | 0.17 | 95.9 | ||
| Employment status | < 0.001** | ||||||||
| Employed for an employer | 0.38 | (0.31,0.47) | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.75 | 0.19 | 96.4 | ||
| Self-employed | 0.40 | (0.32,0.49) | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.81 | 0.19 | 96.3 | ||
| Retired | 0.41 | (0.32,0.50) | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.79 | 0.21 | 96.7 | ||
| Student | 0.28 | (0.21,0.36) | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.71 | 0.18 | 96.7 | ||
| Homemaker | 0.33 | (0.25,0.43) | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.81 | 0.21 | 97.3 | ||
| Unemployed and looking for a job | 0.26 | (0.20,0.33) | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.70 | 0.15 | 96.0 | ||
| None of these/other | 0.29 | (0.22,0.37) | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.74 | 0.18 | 96.7 | ||
| Education | < 0.001** | ||||||||
| Up to 8 years | 0.33 | (0.25,0.42) | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.79 | 0.20 | 96.8 | ||
| 9–15 years | 0.35 | (0.28,0.44) | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.76 | 0.20 | 96.6 | ||
| 16 + years | 0.46 | (0.38,0.54) | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.82 | 0.19 | 96.2 | ||
| Religious service attendance | < 0.001** | ||||||||
| > 1/week | 0.51 | (0.40,0.62) | 0.05 | 0.20 | 0.85 | 0.26 | 97.7 | ||
| 1/week | 0.48 | (0.38,0.58) | 0.05 | 0.15 | 0.80 | 0.24 | 97.5 | ||
| 1–3/month | 0.41 | (0.32,0.51) | 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.77 | 0.22 | 97.2 | ||
| A few times a year | 0.36 | (0.28,0.44) | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.74 | 0.19 | 96.6 | ||
| Never | 0.29 | (0.22,0.38) | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.73 | 0.19 | 97.0 | ||
| Immigration status | < 0.001** | ||||||||
| Born in this country | 0.37 | (0.29,0.45) | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.78 | 0.20 | 96.6 | ||
| Born in another country | 0.32 | (0.19,0.50) | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.89 | 0.38 | 99.2 | ||
*p < .05; **p < .007 (Bonferroni corrected threshold).
Proportion: Estimated overall proportion in the category.
95% CI of Proportion: The 95% CI for the estimated overall proportion of people who reported charitable giving for each demographic category.
SE Analogue (CI Width/4): Standard error for the estimated overall proportion for each demographic group.
Prediction interval: Reflects how the country-specific proportion vary. LL: Lower limit of the 95% prediction interval. UP: Upper limit of the 95% prediction interval.
τ (tau; heterogeneity): Measures the standard deviation of the distribution of proportions across countries. It is an estimate of how much the proportion in that demographic category varies across countries.
I^2: Estimates how much of the variability in proportions is due to heterogeneity across countries versus sampling variability. Given that the sample sizes of this study are large, the I^2 is high.
Global p-value: Tests the null hypothesis that the demographic category does not matter in any of the 22 countries.