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. 2025 Apr 16;9:e56586. doi: 10.2196/56586

Table 1.

Background characteristics of nursing home residents in both the experimental and control groups who completed the semistructured interviews after the 4-week intervention.

Characteristics Experimental group (n=29) Control group (n=29) Difference tests P valuea



Chi-square (df) t test (df) U z
Sex: female, n (%) 24 (83) 22 (76) 0.1b (1) c .75
Age (y), mean (SD; range) 84.03 (7.36; 68-96) 84.38 (7.48; 62-96) −0.177 (56) .86
Education, n (%) 308.0 −1.502 .13

Elementary 7 (24) 6 (21)





Lower secondary education 19 (66) 11 (38)





Higher secondary education 1 (3) 5 (17)





University 2 (7) 5 (17)





Missing 0 (0) 2 (7)




Time spent in nursing home (y), mean (SD; range) 1.714 (1.460; 0.3-7.0) 2.038 (2.090; 0.2-10.0) 365.5 −0.427 .68
Type of dementia, n (%) 1.1b (1) .30

Alzheimer disease 17 (59) 21 (72)





Other 12 (41) 7 (24)





Missing 0 (0) 1 (3)




Severity of dementia (GDSd scores), n (%) 398.5 −0.380 .70

4 4 (14) 3 (10)





5 15 (52) 15 (52)





6 10 (34) 11 (38)




aSignificance level set at P<.05.

bChi-square test with Yates continuity correction.

cNot applicable.

dGDS: Global Deterioration Scale.